Effects of Different Chair-Based Exercises on Salivary Biomarkers and Functional Autonomy in Institutionalized Older Women

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effects of chair-based exercise programs on salivary stress hormones, physical fitness, and functional autonomy of institutionalized older women. Method: In total, 47 participants (80 ± 8.04 years old) were recruited and allocated into three groups: chair-based aerobic exercises (CAE, n = 19), chair-based elastic-band strength exercises (CSE, n = 15), and a control group (CG, n = 13). A 14-week exercise intervention was done for the CAE and CSE groups, two times per week, in no consecutive days. Members of the CG did not participate in any type of exercise but kept their regular lifestyle. Fear of falling, autonomy, physical fitness, salivary cortisol, and alpha-amylase levels were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: The CAE group improved upper and lower body strength, agility–dynamic balance, and autonomy, with fear of falling decreasing significantly (p < .05, moderate effect size). Both exercise groups showed a trend toward an increase in salivary alpha-amylase levels (CAE = 43%, d = .31, and CSE = 44%, d = .41). Conclusion: Both exercise programs were able to improve functional autonomy, even in elders older than 80 years of age. It might be interesting to investigate the effectiveness of combining both aerobic and strength exercises in a unique protocol. The modulation effect of exercise in the hormonal responses needs to be further explored.     

台阶运动负荷前后唾液睾酮和皮质醇的测定与分析

通过对10名普通健康男大学生安静状态下及两种运动负荷后唾液睾酮、唾液皮质醇和RPE（主观体力感觉）表等生理指标的测定，发现：运动后，唾液睾酮水平升高，唾液皮质醇无显著变化但有升高趋势。RPE等级升高。结果表明：两次台阶运动负荷后，唾液睾酮、唾液皮质酸及RPE表可作为评定运动疲劳的生理指标。     

Salivary hormones and anxiety in winners and losers of an international judo competition

The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of salivary hormones and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and anxiety in winners and losers during an international judo competition. Twenty-three trained, male, national-level judo athletes provided three saliva samples during a competition day: morning, in anticipation of competition after an overnight fast, mid-competition, and post-competition within 15 min post-fight for determination of salivary cortisol, salivary testosterone, salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio, SIgA absolute concentrations, SIgA secretion rate and saliva flow rate. The competitive state anxiety inventory questionnaire was completed by the athletes (n = 12) after the first saliva collection for determination of somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Winners were considered 1-3 ranking place (n = 12) and losers (n = 11) below third place in each weight category. Winners presented higher anticipatory salivary cortisol concentrations (p = 0.03) and a lower mid-competition salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.003) compared with losers with no differences for salivary testosterone. Winners tended to have higher SIgA secretion rates (p = 0.07) and higher saliva flow rates (p = 0.009) at mid-competition. Higher levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.02) were observed in the winners, without differences according to the outcome in somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The results suggest that winners experienced higher levels of physiological arousal and better psychological preparedness in the morning, and as the competition progressed, the winners were able to control their stress response better.     

运动训练对人体皮质醇影响的研究进展

运动训练影响人体内分泌系统的功能,并明显改变体内某些激素的水平。皮质醇属于快反应型糖皮质激素,是较为重要的应激激素,具有广泛而重要的作用。文章运用文献资料法,论述了不同运动负荷、项目以及非训练因素作用下皮质醇的变化,指导教练员和运动员调整运动负荷,合理安排训练内容。     

极限负荷时β-内啡肽、睾酮、皮质醇对心肺功能的影响

极限负荷时运动持续时间和运动水平密切相关。研究发现运动后睾酮（T）水平与耗氧平台（VO2maxPD）显著相关,β－内啡肽（β－EP）分泌水平与最大耗氧量,耗氧平台,呼吸频率显著相关。揭示耗氧平台的维系,可能有垂体—性腺轴的参与。而β－内啡肽对呼吸频率及耗氧平台的维系也存在着调控作用。耗氧平台时心率和通气量较之安静时大辐度增长,间接说明儿茶酚胺在极限负荷时对循环系统的支持。     

5周递增负荷训练对内分泌免疫机能影响的研究

目的：探讨递增负荷训练对机体内分泌免疫机能的影响。方法：实验对象进行为期5周的递增负荷训练，于集合训练开始前一天和第2周、第3周、第4周及第5周训练结束末36h后上午7：30-8：00取安静时肘静脉血，测定训练前及每一负荷训练阶段后外周血液中内分泌激素指标和免疫指标的变化。结果：T第3周比训练前显著升高（P〈0．05），C第3、第5周比训练前显著升高（P〈0．05），T／C比值第4周比训练前显著下降（P〈0．05）。CD4第2周比训练前显著下降（P〈0．05），而第3周比训练前显著升高（P〈0．05）；CDB第4周比训练前、第2周、第3周显著下降（P〈0．05），CD4／CDB比值第3、第4周均比训练前、第2周显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：训练负荷是影响机体内分泌免疫机能的一个重要因素，中等负荷训练促进机体内分泌免疫机能，大负荷训练会降低机体的内分泌免疫机能，但随着对递增负荷应激的适应，机体的内分泌免疫机能又会得到加强。     

补充BCAA对划船运动员血激素的影响

本研究探讨了在冬训期间，补充一个月的BCAA的实验结果表明，补充BCAA有利于维持训练负荷过程中血睾酮水平的稳定，提高睾酮／皮质醇比值，促进体内生长激素的分泌，说明补充BCAA对内分泌代谢的影响主要是影响一些合成代谢激素的反应，如血睾酮和生长激素等，从而有利于运动机能的提高和加快疲劳的消除。     

实战对摔跤运动员T／C和FT／C的影响

为了解摔跤运动员实战前后T／C和FT／C变化的情况,力求找到它们与训练负荷之间可能存在的关系,对安徽省16名优秀摔跤运动员进行了跟踪监测。结果显示：小强度实战对它们的影响不明显;中等强度及中偏大强度的实战T／C和FT／C有不同性质和程度的影响。     

自愿转轮运动对抑郁模型大鼠学习记忆及基底外侧杏仁核c-fos表达的影响

探讨4周自愿转轮运动对慢性不可预知性应激致抑郁大鼠旷场行为及空间学习记忆能力、血清皮质醇和基底外侧杏仁核c-fos 表达的影响。将40只大鼠随机分为4组,即对照组、运动组、应激模型组及应激运动组,每组10只。应激模型组及应激运动组大鼠每日进行慢性不可预知性应激1次,连续28 d,同时运动组及应激运动组大鼠进行4周自愿转轮运动。自愿转轮运动结束后检测大鼠血清皮质醇水平;运用旷场实验测试大鼠自主活动能力及探索行为;八臂迷宫实验检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力;采用免疫组织化学结合图像半定量方法对基底外侧杏仁核 c-fos神经元的数量、面积及灰度进行测量和分析。结果发现：1)与应激模型组比较,应激运动组大鼠穿越格数、直立次数及修饰次数显著增多(P<0.01、P<0.05),粪便颗粒显著减少(P<0.05);2)与应激模型组比较,应激运动组大鼠血清皮质醇水平显著下降(P<0.05),完成八臂迷宫时间显著缩短(P<0.01),WME、RME显著减少(P<0.05),总错误次数(TE)远远低于应激模型组(P<0.01);3)与应激模型组比较,应激运动组基底外侧杏仁核 c-fos 免疫阳性细胞数量和阳性产物面积表达均增加(P<0.05),阳性细胞灰度值虽降低,但没有显著差异性(P>0.05)。以上结果说明,自愿转轮运动可提高抑郁大鼠的学习记忆能力,机理可能与长期自愿转轮运动降低抑郁大鼠的血清皮质醇水平及增强大脑基底外侧杏仁核c-fos 的表达有关。     

温肾健脾中药对女运动员ρ(BT)、ρ(T)/ρ(C)的影响

旨在探索中医药对运动员身体机能的影响，采用温肾健脾中药对12名女子足球运动员进行赛前辅助调理，结果显示，血睾酮（BT）质量浓度与血睾酮／皮质醇[ρ（T）／ρ（C）]值明显升高（P＜0．01，P＜0．05）。主观体力感觉等级（RPE）对应最大心率（HIRmax)时的疲劳症状改善。