Public procurement and innovation—Resurrecting the demand side

Demand is a major potential source of innovation, yet the critical role of demand as a key driver of innovation has still to be recognised in government policy. This article discusses public procurement as one of the key elements of a demand-oriented innovation policy. The paper starts by signaling the new significance of public procurement for innovation policy strategies at the EU level and in a range of European countries. It then defines the concept of public procurement and embeds this concept within a taxonomy of innovation policies. The rationales and justifications of public procurement policies to spur innovation are discussed, followed by a consideration of the challenges and potential pitfalls as well as appropriate institutional arrangements and strategies, including some recent empirical examples of good practice. It concludes by confronting the public procurement approach with two of the most common objections to it and by considering future prospects.     

公交IC卡收费系统安全方案

公交IC卡收费系统是以非接触式lC卡为储值卡支付手段,以计算机系统为信息处理方法的安全可靠的现代化管理系统,加快公共汽车收费速度,提高运营效率,以方便广大市民,确保用户利益。     

科技创新政策体系协调性研究1

国家科技创新体系是由政府、高校和科研院所、企业以及科技中介服务机构组成的复杂系统,政府通过科技创新政策解决系统的市场失灵和系统失灵问题,国家创新体系建设水平在很大程度上取决于科技创新政策体系的协调性。本文首先给出了科技创新政策体系的定义,分析了科技创新政策体系及其协调性的内涵;其次,在讨论了国家科技创新体系的协调性与科技创新政策体系协调性关系的基础上,分别从国家创新体系的科技创新能力的协调性和科技创新活动的协调性两方面分析了国家科技创新体系建设对科技创新政策体系协调性的需求;最后,提出科技创新政策体系协调性内容。     

美国政府农业公共政策分析

美国农业的生产方式和控制管理技能都属世界最先进之列，美国农业之所以成功，有其得天独厚的农业资源的因素，但更与经历市场竞争所形成的农业相关产业的组织结构、有竞争力的生产方式、积极的公共政策密切相关。美国是一个市场经济国家，但政府在对关键问题如农产品剩余、食品安全、支持与补贴等方面起着重要的管制作用。对美国的重点农业政策进行理性的研究，对于优化我国的三农政策具有重要意义。在两个大国间进行比较研究，从理论上讲是完全可行的，但在政策制定和执行中必须研究不同的自然条件、经济、社会和文化背景对农业制度的多方位影响。     

Policy learning and innovation theory: an interactive and co-evolving process

This paper explores links between the development of innovation theory since the late 1970s, and the evolution of innovation policy ideas, primarily in the 1990s. The argument is that there is a close connection between theory and policy, so that theory and policy learning can be seen as an integrated, co-evolving and interactive process. We analyse the theory-policy learning link in terms of two phases. We suggest that the complex economic crisis of the 1970s created an opening for rival analyses of events. During the 1980s, the development of evolutionary theories (pioneered by Nelson and Winter) and of empirically-based theories of the innovation process (pioneered by Nathan Rosenberg) created a framework in which policy agencies could consider heterodox ideas concerning objectives and instruments of public policy. By the early 1990s policy-makers, particularly in Europe, came to see RTD and innovation policies not just as important arenas of action in themselves, but as instruments towards more wide ranging policy objectives. The policy agencies involved, though hierarchical, were characterised by relatively open structures that permitted a degree of intellectual diversity: so organisations like the OECD and the European Commission played a central role, whereas the World Bank, for example, did not. Increasing policy interest stimulated a second phase of research in the 1990s, sponsored both nationally and by various EU programmes, in which expanding the innovation-oriented knowledge base became a significant objective for policy-makers. The paper argues that the theory-policy link has been central to the intellectual development of this field, which would have been impossible within the constraints of existing disciplinary structures and university funding systems. At the same time the analytical achievements have permitted a wide expansion in the conceptualization of policy targets and in the design of instruments available to policy-makers. In a sense, this is itself an evolutionary story: of a crisis and a conjunctural niche that permitted the creation and (so far) survival of a set of diverse and certainly non-conventional ideas.     

作为科学政策分析工具的文献计量指标

越来越多的西方国家把文献计量指标作为一种科学政策分析的辅助工具。本文在分析文献计量指标的属性及其在应用中的方法论原理的基础上,着重阐述了文献计量指标在科学政策分析中的应用范畴和方法,即：科学产出量及其质量的分析;流向分析;科学结构分析。     

学科政策与科学政策——基于科学基金的思考

学科政策是科学政策的重要组成部分，对国家科学的发展影响深远。本文从学科的功能和学科政策的基本内涵出发，考察学科政策的社会经济因素及其影响，比较分析发达国家学科政策的主要类型和特点，指出国家科学资助机构在促进学科发展中的独特优势，进而提示对我国学科建设和学科发展的启示意义。     

国际科技合作理论与政策实践评述及对广东的启示

在科技全球化大环境下,研究影响国际科技合作的相关理论,并运用理论引导我国国际科技合作相关政策的制定,有助于广东有效地开展国际科技合作,提升科技实力和竞争能力。理顺国内外国际科技合作理论,研究总结世界各国国际科技合作的实践和政策特征,凝练出我国国际科技合作的特征和发展趋势,结合广东国际科技合作的发展态势,提出对广东的启示。     

我国政府信息公开的渠道、问题和展望

政府信息公开是当今社会的热点研究课题，对构建民主法制社会具有深远的意义。本文分析了我国政府信息公开的主要渠道，重点讨论了其存在的问题以及问题的解决方式，最后对我国政府信息公开的未来发展进行了综述。     

加强我国公共卫生管理的若干建议

公共卫生是事关人民群众健康的公共事业,提供公共卫生服务、进行公共卫生管理是政府的重要职责。我国政府十分重视公共卫生事业发展,尤其是2003年"非典"疫情后,我国公共卫生服务体系建设不断完善、管理不断加强。但这次突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情发生与蔓延,仍然暴露出我国公共卫生管理的一些短板,亟待我们总结经验、深入研究,有针对性地采取措施加以解决。具体建议包括:(1)完善国家安全观;(2)强化法治建设;(3)强化政府治理能力建设;(4)健全信息公开、媒体与互联网管理制度;(5)强化专家的科学精神与职业素养;(6)健全突发公共卫生事件应急管理机制;(7)加强社会组织建设,完善社会力量参与机制;(8)提升公民应对疫情灾情素质;(9)切实把"预防为主"方针落到实处;(10)注重研究突发公共卫生事件期间的经济政策。