Development of reflection through learning activity

What kind of developmental potential is present in elementary schoolchildren but hindered by the traditional type of education? Half a century ago Daniel El’konin and Vasili Davydov, the leaders of Russian Vygotskian educational psychology started answering this question. They suggested thatreflection is a basic human ability and it can be developed in younger students. Reflection includes thinking about one’s own actions and thoughts, taking other people’s point of view, and understanding oneself. In this paper I present results of the design experiments conducted in Russian schools that deliberately promote students’ reflection. In these schools the majority of children achieve high levels of reflection previously attributed only to the gifted students. One aspect of reflection will be given special attention, the ability of the student to take the perspective of another person. The comparative microanalysis of learning discourse in the first and the fourth grades demonstrated a significant growth of this ability through the first three years of schooling and made evident limitations imposed by the existing structure of the classroom cooperation. The long-term effects of education based on the principles of learning activity are demonstrated on the basis of the recent PISA study data.     

In Memory of the Czar: A Review of the Memoirs of Witnesses and Contemporaries of Emperor Nicholas II

ABSTRACT

This article surveys the collection devoted to the memory of Emperor Nicholas II held at the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco. The author describes the cataloged materials of a unique collection of materials passed on to the Museum by Russian emigrants of the first and second waves, many of whom worked to preserve the memory of Russia’s last Sovereign and also made a significant contribution to the creation of the Museum and its archival collections.     

俄罗斯高校管理模式的战略转型——以海参崴国立经济与服务大学为例

高校要保障自己的竞争力,就必须创新管理模式。ВГУЭС管理策略的形成是以建设有竞争力的、企业化的、创新型大学为基础。在市场环境下,要成功实现大学的功能化,就需要依靠自身独立性提高适应能力,拓宽预算外财政来源,加快获得信息的步伐,具备解决复杂问题的能力,提高各方面活动的效率。     

Outside the library: Early career researchers and use of alternative information sources in pandemic times

Presents findings from a study into the attitudes and practices of pandemic-era early career researchers (ECRs) in regard to obtaining access to the formally published scholarly literature, which focused on alternative providers, notably ResearchGate and Sci-Hub. The study is a part of the Harbingers project that has been exploring the work lives and scholarly communication practices of ECRs in pre-pandemic times and during the pandemic, and utilizes data from two rounds of interviews with around 170 ECRs from the sciences and social sciences in eight countries. Findings show that alternative providers, as represented by ResearchGate and Sci-Hub, have become established and appear to be gaining ground. However, there are considerable country- and discipline-associated differences. ECRs' country-specific level of usage of the alternative providers is partly traceable to the adequacy of library provisions, although there are other factors at play in shaping ECRs' attitudes and practices, most notably convenience and time saving, as well as the fact that these platforms have become embedded in the scholarly dashboard. There is a dearth of evidence of the impact of the pandemic on ECRs' ways of obtaining scholarly papers.     

Learning at every age? Life cycle dynamics of adult education in Europe

Adult learning is seen as a key factor for enhancing employment, innovation and growth. The aim of this paper is to understand the points in the life cycle at which adult learning takes place and whether it leads to reaching a medium or high level of educational attainment. We perform a synthetic panel analysis of adult learning for cohorts aged 25–64 in 27 European countries using the European Union Labour Force Survey. We find that investment across the life cycle by cohorts older than 25 still occurs: participation in education and training as well as educational attainment increase observably across all cohorts. We also find that the decline with age slows down, or is even reversed for older cohorts, for both participation in education and educational attainment. Finally, we can identify cross-country differences in approach. In Nordic countries, adult learning is achieved primarily through participation in education and training without adding to formal educational attainment. In central Europe, adult learning occurs primarily in the form of increasing educational attainment. In Ireland and the UK, a combination of both approaches to adult learning is observable.     

俄罗斯创新人才培养的背景与实施策略

俄罗斯国家战略的转变,要求本国的经济发展方式由资源型转变为创新型。为发展创新型经济,俄罗斯将创新人才的培养作为教育现代化的一个目标。智力资源流失和高级人才断层造成俄罗斯的人力资源短缺,为建设创新型国家,俄罗斯采取了支持创新人才、建设创新型大学、加强＂科教一体化＂等一系列创新人才培养措施。     

Lyceum 1511 and Mountain Crest High School: An International Exchange Program Reveals Educational Contrasts

The arrival of underprepared freshmen to a high school presents a host of challenges for all stakeholders. West High School in Bakersfield, California, responded to a problem of academic failure of a significant number of freshmen by developing and implementing a Freshman Academy for underprepared students entering the 9th grade. During two years of this intervention, the school experienced improvement in the matriculation rate, an increase in literacy skills, and a reduction in student suspensions. The Freshman Academy identified students’ academic and nonacademic needs and provided a supportive learning environment to help address these needs in a way that led to successful promotion through high school. Two critical attributes of this approach are teacher efficacy and teacher collaboration.     

俄罗斯：危机？哪有危机？

俄罗斯国有电视台一直低调对待全球金融市场的混乱。甚至混乱所造成的影响开始波及整个经济领域时,他们仍旧如此。