日韩中三国义务教育阶段的世界地理教育

近30年以来,日本、韩国和中国先后走上了相似的教育改革道路。本文通过对比三国的有关指导文件和教科书,对义务教育阶段世界地理教育的现状进行反思。一方面了解三国正在进行的教育课程改革中世界地理教育可能存在的问题,另一方面,试图以日本和韩国的经验与教训,为正在课程改革的道路上急行的中国提供有益的借鉴。     

Effect of countermovement on elbow joint extension power-load characteristics

The aim of the present study was to examine elbow joint extension power-load characteristics with and without a countermovement. Eight male participants performed maximal elbow extensions with and without a countermovement against different loads (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, and 15.0 kg). Electromyographic activity of the lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii and the biceps brachii muscles was recorded. The average joint power in the concentric phase was significantly enhanced in the countermovement condition at all loads except for 0 kg. The optimal load for the maximal joint power was greater in the countermovement (7.5 kg) than in the no countermovement condition (5.0 kg). Electromyographic activity was unchanged over the intensities and conditions. Our results suggest that the optimal load for the maximal joint power depends on the type of action (i.e. with or without a counter-movement), and that the enhanced joint power in the countermovement condition is due primarily to the storage and utilization of elastic energy.     

Effects of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures on stretch – shortening cycle exercise in vivo

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures during stretch?–?shortening cycle exercise. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 26 participants was measured by ultrasonography while they performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force and tendon elongation during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the muscle force?–?tendon elongation loop relative to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was defined as hysteresis. In addition, maximal voluntary concentric contractions at 2.09 and 3.14 rad?·?s^?1 with and without prior eccentric contractions were performed. The difference in the concentric torque at equivalent joint angles with and without prior eccentric contractions (i.e. pre-stretch augmentation) was negatively correlated with stiffness (P <?0.05) and hysteresis (P <?0.05). Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between the pre-stretch augmentation and the viscoelastic properties index – that is, the sum of normalized score values of stiffness and hysteresis (P <?0.01) – than with either stiffness or hysteresis alone. The results of this study suggest that performance during stretch?–?shortening cycle exercise is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the tendon structures.     

Effects of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures on stretch - shortening cycle exercise in vivo

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures during stretch - shortening cycle exercise. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 26 participants was measured by ultrasonography while they performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force and tendon elongation during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the muscle force-tendon elongation loop relative to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was defined as hysteresis. In addition, maximal voluntary concentric contractions at 2.09 and 3.14 rad x s(-1) with and without prior eccentric contractions were performed. The difference in the concentric torque at equivalent joint angles with and without prior eccentric contractions (i.e. pre-stretch augmentation) was negatively correlated with stiffness (P < 0.05) and hysteresis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between the pre-stretch augmentation and the viscoelastic properties index--that is, the sum of normalized score values of stiffness and hysteresis (P < 0.01)--than with either stiffness or hysteresis alone. The results of this study suggest that performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the tendon structures.     

Learning to Teach Science: The Curriculum of Student Teaching in Hiroshima "Attached" Schools

Journal of Science Teacher Education -     

The Organisation and the Recontextualization of Rika (School Science) Education in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century in Japan

In this paper, the author considers the organisation and the recontextualization of Rika (School Science) in the second half of the nineteenth century in Japan. In considering developments, the author set up analyses points based on curriculum politics and concluded that the organisation and the recontextualization of Rika occurred between the 1870s and 1880s during the Meiji era. Consequently, Rika was socially constructed, being the product of a compromise made by particular groups and persons, under the Ministry of Education. The objective of Rika in elementary schools has been characterised as being in the affective domain ‘a love of nature’ which is based on the Japanese view of nature which has differed from the West since the establishment of Rika.     

Step-to-step spatiotemporal variables and ground reaction forces of intra-individual fastest sprinting in a single session

We aimed to investigate the step-to-step spatiotemporal variables and ground reaction forces during the acceleration phase for characterising intra-individual fastest sprinting within a single session. Step-to-step spatiotemporal variables and ground reaction forces produced by 15 male athletes were measured over a 50-m distance during repeated (three to five) 60-m sprints using a long force platform system. Differences in measured variables between the fastest and slowest trials were examined at each step until the 22nd step using a magnitude-based inferences approach. There were possibly–most likely higher running speed and step frequency (2nd to 22nd steps) and shorter support time (all steps) in the fastest trial than in the slowest trial. Moreover, for the fastest trial there were likely–very likely greater mean propulsive force during the initial four steps and possibly–very likely larger mean net anterior–posterior force until the 17th step. The current results demonstrate that better sprinting performance within a single session is probably achieved by 1) a high step frequency (except the initial step) with short support time at all steps, 2) exerting a greater mean propulsive force during initial acceleration, and 3) producing a greater mean net anterior–posterior force during initial and middle acceleration.     

An analysis of the putter face control mechanism in golf putting

The B-matrix method, which systematically analyses the dynamic response of non-symmetric rigid bodies, such as golf putters, is described. The three-dimensional translational and rotational accelerations of the putter face are represented by linear equations of input forces and moments represented in matrix form. The elements of the 6 × 6 B-matrix physically represent the acceleration intensity factors. This method is applied to the analysis of the putter face control mechanism. The input forces and moments are obtained by the inverse dynamics method, whilst special attention is paid to the putter face rotation, i.e. the angular acceleration around the axis of the shaft, $ \dot{w}_{ox} . $ The contribution of input forces and moments on $ \dot{w}_{ox} $ is discussed quantitatively. The results demonstrate that $ \dot{w}_{ox} $ is present even if the input force and moment are applied perpendicularly to the shaft. A cancelling mechanism to correct this motion is discussed based on the B-matrix method.