论文本课程与教师对教学过程的控制

在中学课程的微观层次上 ,文本课程与教师都对教学过程有一定的控制作用。这种控制作用 ,从空间结构的角度分析 ,表现为课程线性结构与非线性结构 ;从教学信息流的角度分析 ,表现为课程信息流的集中控制结构与非集中控制结构。不同的控制形式对课程的影响各有利弊 ,并有各自的形成原因     

Y对挤压Mg-6Gd-xY合金组织及性能的影响

本文研究了钇对挤压Mg-6Gd-xY合金的显微组织、时效析出以及常温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,添加稀土元素Y之后,合金的挤压态组织得到细化,但时效态组织细化不明显,时效后形成镁的稀土相Mg(Gd,Y)的强化相,使抗拉强度提高34~81MPa;合金的显微硬度随Y含量增加提高20HV,时效峰值的出现时间因Y的添加提前35h。     

我国椴树科花粉形态的研究

 本文对分布于我国的椴树科(Tiliaceae)9属44种植物的花粉形态进行了光学显微镜   的系统观察，并对其中10种花粉的外壁细微结构进行了扫描电镜观察。本科花粉为长球形、   扁球形和球形，萌发孔为长3孔沟、短3孔沟和3(一4)孔三种类型，外壁主要为网状纹饰，个  别属为刺状纹饰。根据花粉资料，本文还探讨了该科植物分类中的某些问题。     

A nano to macroscale study on structure-mechanics relationships of archaeological oak

Mechanical properties of wood at different length scales of its hierarchical structure are governed by structural and compositional properties on smaller length scales. This opens up the possibility to use microstructural data for estimating mechanical properties, which are difficult to assess by conventional, destructive testing but are nevertheless of high relevance for conservation practice. Herein, we investigate such microstructure-mechanics relationships for a particular example, namely the load bearing archaeological oak of the Oseberg Viking ship, displayed at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway. In order to identify the effects of degradation on the mechanical behavior and their relations to the microstructure, recent oak specimens of different geographical origin (Norway and Austria) are investigated as well. Wood exhibits a cellular structure. Its cell walls are composed of an amorphous polymer matrix consisting of lignin and hemicelluloses and embedded, stiff cellulose fibers. At the cell level, experimental studies comprised microscopic investigations of the cellular structure, chemical analyses of the composition of the cell walls, as well as nanoindentation tests on single cell walls. The same samples were also analyzed on the macroscopic level, where additionally mass density and annual ring data were measured together with ultrasonic stiffnesses. The chemical data clearly indicate deterioration in the archaeological oak, affecting mainly hemicelluloses and amorphous cellulose. At the cell wall scale, however, this does not necessarily lead to a weaker material behavior. The nanoindentation modulus, as a measure of the cell wall stiffness, was found to even increase. This is counterintuitive to our understanding of the effects of chemical degradation. It might be due to possible modification of lignin in the Oseberg oak, and thus have a stronger effect on the indentation modulus than the concurrent weakening of the interfaces between the load-carrying cellulose fibers and the connecting cell wall matrix when analyzing wood at the microscopic level. A similar effect is also observed for the transversal stiffness of macroscopic samples, which increases. In tension-dominated loading modes, however, the degradation of the interfaces is the dominant effect, resulting for example in a considerable reduction of the macroscopic stiffness in longitudinal direction. This underlines the utmost relevance of the loading condition on the remaining load-carrying capacity of degraded wood. On the macroscale, effects of the geographical origin (i.e. growth conditions) on ring characteristics of the oak tissues override the effects of degradation on the mechanical behavior. They have to be carefully extracted in order to come up with conclusions on the effect of degradation from macroscopic test results. The identified microstructure-mechanics relationships provide the basis for–in further research steps–building mathematical models describing the relations between microstructural characteristics and macroscopic mechanical properties and, thereon, for structural analyses of historical wooden objects.     

Microstructure of ferrospheres in fly ashes: SEM, EDX and ESEM analysis

Ferrospheres in fly ashes from a coal-fired power plant were extracted by a magnetic separation technique and their microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray analysis （EDX） and environmental scanning electron microscopy （ESEM）. Ferrospheres in fly ashes show significant iron enrichment compared to their respective fly ashes. Iron oxides in ferrospheres mainly occur as minerals magnetite （Fe3O4） and hematite （α-Fe2O3）, which are derived mainly from the decomposition and oxidation of iron-bearing minerals in coal during combustion. EDX data indicate that ferrospheres also contain Si, S, Al and Ca resulting from quartz, mullite, anhydrite and amorphous materials. A large percentage of ferrospheres are commonly 5-50 μm in size. The microstructure of ferrospheres includes smooth, polygonal, dendritic, granular and molten drop characteristics. SEM coupled with EDX provided fast and accurate results of the microstructure and chemical composition of ferrospheres, and helped us to assess environmental issues related to the disposal and utilization of fly ashes.     

Morphology evolution of two-phase Cu-Ag alloys under different conditions

Cu-Ag filamentary microcomposites with different Ag contents were prepared by cold drawing and intermediate heat treatments. The microstructure characterization and filamentary distribution were observed for two-phase alloys under different conditions. The effect of heavy drawing strain on the microstructure evolution of Cu-Ag alloys was investigated. The results show that the microstructure components consist of Cu dendrites, eutectic colonies and secondary Ag precipitates in the alloys containing 6%-24% （mass fraction） Ag. With the increase in Ag content, the eutectic colonies in the microstructure increase and gradually change into a continuous net-like distribution. The Cu dendrites, eutectic colonies and secondary Ag precipitates are elongated in an axial direction and developed into the composite filamentary structure during cold drawing deformation. The eutectic colonies tend to evolve into filamentary bundles. The filamentary diameters decrease with the increase in drawing strain degree for the two-phase alloys, in particular for the alloys with low Ag content. The reduction in filamentary diameters becomes slow once the drawing strain has exceeded a certain level.     

环境雌激素硼对大鼠胸腺组织结构的影响

选用192只28±2d实验用清洁级SD大鼠,分为6组,每组32只,雌雄各半,分别饮用添加硼0、40、80、160、320和640mg/L的蒸馏水,试验期60d,分别于试验第30d(65日龄)和60d(95日龄)每组随机取鼠16只,雌雄各8只,10%水合氯醛腹腔麻醉,立即解剖取胸腺,称重,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,光镜观察并显微摄影.结果显示:与对照组相比较,65日龄试验Ⅲ～Ⅴ组雄鼠和试验Ⅴ组雌鼠胸腺质量显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);95日龄试验Ⅰ组雄鼠胸腺质量显著升高(P＜0.05),试验Ⅴ组雄鼠和雌鼠显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).65日龄和95日龄试验Ⅴ组雄鼠和雌鼠胸腺器官指数显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组胸腺结构表现较明显促进作用;试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组胸腺结构呈现一定的退化迹象;试验Ⅴ组胸腺结构退化现象明显,实质内淋巴细胞数量明显减少.试验结果表明,饮水添加40、80mg/L硼对大鼠胸腺发育及其组织结构有较明显促进和改善作用;添加160、320mg/L硼对胸腺发育有一定不良影响;添加640mg/L硼对大鼠胸腺发育则有明显的抑制甚至毒性作用.     

凝胶注模成型氧化锆陶瓷坯体的性能和显微结构分析

研究了通过添加2.6wt%水溶性高分子聚丙烯酰胺到氧化锆陶瓷悬浮体中能够消除在空气中凝胶注模成型的坯体的表面脱粉现象,成型出的形状复杂的氧化锆湿坯体性能良好,均匀致密;还研究了氧化锆粉体加入聚丙烯酰胺前后在水中的分散特性,同时对坯体的抗弯强度和显微结构进行了详细地测试和观察。     

Effect of controlled rolling/controlled cooling parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of the novel pipeline steel

The study of controlled rolling/controlled cooling process parameters which affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel pipeline steel has been optimized by the orthogonal experiment with four factors and three levels in this paper. However, the parameters of thermo-mechanical control process （TMCP） optimized by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulator could not satisfy performance requirements of the X100 pipeline steel. In order to improve the performance of this steel, the influence of finish cooling temperature （FCT） on the microstructure and property is studied in detail. It is found that, as this steel is thermo-mechanically treated by this set of parameters （the start heating temperature, finish rolling temperature （FRT）, FCT and cooling rate of 1,180 ℃, 810 ℃, 350 ℃ and 35 ℃/s, respectively）, the micro- structures are mainly composed of granular bainite （GB） and acicular ferrite （AF）. The effective grain sizes are below 20 μm; the steel reaches the optimal balance between the strength and the toughness; the yield strength is 695 MPa; the tensile strength is 768 MPa; the elongation is 16.6 %; the impact energy is 262 J at room temperature. All indexes could meet the requirements of X100 pipeline steel.     

中国栎属花粉形态研究

 本文利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对我国栎属Quercus 30多种花粉进行比较深入的研  究，试图通过花粉形态的研究为栎属的植物分类和化石鉴定提供参考依据。