乒乓球运动员正手弧圈球技术的地面支撑作用力分析

运用两块瑞士产 KISTLER 三维测力台对10名优秀男乒乓球运动员正手拉弧圈球技术过程中地面对人体的地面支撑反作用力进行测试.用两种发力方式拉弧圈球,一为用最大力量,二为中等力量.从垂直、水平、前后3个方向对完成轻拉和重拉时左右脚地面支撑反作用力的生物力学特征进行了描述,并对两种技术动作之间左右脚支反力的最大力值进行了对比分析,得出:(1)完成轻拉和重拉时,垂直方向上的地面支撑反作用力最大.左右和前后方向上的支反力较小;身体重心的移动影响地面支撑反作用力的变化,两者之间有密切联系.(2)发力拉弧圈球时,更要注重增加左右方向和前后方向上的蹬地力和重心移动幅度.     

Ground reaction forces during steeplechase hurdling and waterjumps

Athletes in the 3,000 m steeplechase track and field event negotiate unmovable hurdles and waterjumps. Ground reaction forces (GRF) in the steeplechase were quantified to elucidate injury risks / mechanisms and to inform coaches. Five male and five female steeplechasers participated. GRF were measured during treadmill running, and using specially mounted force platforms, during hurdle and waterjump takeoffs and landings at 5.54 m/s (males) or 5.00 m/s (females). Results are presented as: male mean ± SD / female mean ± SD. Initial and active peaks of vertical GRF during treadmill running were 2.04 ± 0.72 / 2.25 ± 0.28 BW and 3.11 ± 0.27 / 2.98 ± 0.24 BW. Compared to treadmill running, peak vertical forces were greater (p < 0.001) for: hurdle takeoff (initial: 4.25 ± 0.86 / 3.78 ± 0.60 BW, active: 3.82 ± 0.20 / 3.74 ± 0.32 BW), hurdle landing (active: 4.41 ± 1.13 / 4.21 ± 0.21 BW), waterjump takeoff (initial: 4.32 ± 0.67 / 4.56 ± 0.54 BW, active: 4.00 ± 0.24 / 3.83 ± 0.31 BW), and waterjump landing (initial: 3.45 ± 0.34 / #3.78 ± 0.32 BW, active:5.40 ± 0.78 / #6.23 ± 0.74 BW); (#) indicates not statistically compared (n = 2). Based on horizontal impulse, athletes decelerated during takeoff steps and accelerated during landing steps of both hurdling and waterjumps. Vertical GRF peaks and video indicated rearfoot strikes on the treadmill but midfoot strikes during hurdle and waterjump landings. Potentially injurious GRF occur during the steeplechase, particularly during waterjump landings (up to 7.0 BW).     

人体不同高度下落地面冲击力及下肢关节肌力矩变化特征研究

研究不同高度落地时地面冲击力及关节肌力矩的变化.结果表明:踝、膝、髋关节处的关节肌力矩第一波峰峰值随落地高度的增加而增大,踝、膝、髋关节处的关节肌力矩第一波峰出现时间随落地高度升高而减小,第二波峰随落地高度的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在50cm时出现的时间最长;踝、膝、关节肌力矩第一波峰峰值与垂直落地高度呈显著相关.根据地面反作用力峰值可以较为准确的推断出关节肌力矩的峰值变化.     

对短跑途中跑着地瞬间地面支撑反作用力的再认识

从肌肉的生理特性、力学原理、运动学等理论角度分析,指出支撑脚在着地瞬间应该增大地面支撑反作用力而不是减小或克服它;增大地面支撑反作用力有利于重心水平速度的提高。