Leader prototypicality in sport: The implicit leadership theories of women and men entering sport management careers

Implicit leadership theories (ILTs) matter because they are used as the benchmark against which people determine who is a leader and who is not. This assessment informs their behavioral responses. People are thought to have a superordinate-level ILT representing their prototypical mental model of leadership and a series of basic-level ILTs. Each of these represents how people conceptualize leadership in particular domains (e.g., sport, politics, and popular culture). In this study, the authors generate the structures of basic-level sport management ILTs for women and men who are about to enter this industry. These form the baseline from which socialization to work, organizational cultures, and the sport management industry begins. The ILTs of women entering sport management careers have a 35-item, 6-factor structure (Sensitivity, Knowledgeable, Physical Attractiveness, Inspirational, Dedication, and Focused), whereas men entering the industry have a 32-item, 7-factor structure (Sensitivity, Dedication, Physical Attractiveness, Focused, Creativity, Inspirational, Courageous). The resulting sport management ILT profiles differ from superordinate ones by emphasizing physical and vitality attributes, incorporating emotional elements, and by eschewing antiprototypical elements. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications for leadership research in sport management.     

我国体育产业发展中公益与商业投资关系研究

我国体育产业从公益事业向产业化发展的过程中，始终面临着一个问题，那就是其中多大成分是公益，多大成分是商业，这个问题也导出了国家在体育公益事业上的投资与产业商业投资之间的合作、冲突和矛盾如何处理的问题。其实体育产业中的公益投资与商业投资具有相互促进、相互补充的关系，政府与企业之间可以相互融资，或者通过政府采购服务的方式，保证两种投资关系的合理和效益最大化。     

可宥性事由：体育竞赛“越轨”行为出罪的又一考量因素

可宥性事由源于英美刑事诉讼中的可抗辩事由，与正当化事由联袂构成行为出罪理论的基石。与正当化事由不同，可宥性事由已经僭越了法定的行为正当化条件，行为的违法性首先被肯定，只是在责任归属上寻求宽恕性处理。引入可宥性事由，可丰富体育竞赛行为入罪和出罪的相关内容，便于司法统一判定。分析认为，体育竞赛行为可宥性事由成立，要满足体育赛事本身具有合法性和正规性、主体仅针对运动员、行为局限于体育竞赛行为、违法目的“单纯”性、行为以“反规则”为前提等条件。入罪和出罪的类型化有利于定罪和量刑的规范化，分别对竞技伤害行为、滥用兴奋剂行为、假球等竞赛舞弊行为适用可宥性事由予以出罪抑或减轻处罚的情形进行具体分析。最后，指出体育竞赛运动员可宥性事由行为入罪不能忽视运动员自由保障的理念，且尽量避免选择性刑事司法。     

Neighborhood crime undermines parenting: Violence in the vicinity of households as a predictor of aggressive discipline

Child discipline is a central component of parent-child interactions. Evidence suggests corporal discipline impairs children’s physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and compromises their future chances, especially since it is more frequently used against at-risk children. Using geocoded data for 1209 children under the age of five and their mothers, this study analyses the relation between the occurrence of crimes in close proximity to households in four major urban municipalities of Colombia and a particularly violent corporal discipline practice: hitting children with objects. Results indicate that exposure to violent crimes, such as homicides and personal injuries, predicts a higher probability of hitting children with objects, even after controlling for a set of individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics. Sensitivity analyses suggest violent crimes are not related to other discipline methods, and less threatening crimes, such as robbery and drug trafficking, are not associated with hitting children with objects. These findings suggest households’ walls are permeable, and outside threats may interfere with families’ dynamics and well-being. Future directions and implications are discussed.     

Reimagining Newsroom Collaboration: How Two European News Nonprofits Are Inviting Citizens In

ABSTRACT

News nonprofits in the U.S. have been proliferating over 15 years as a way of addressing troubles in the business model for news. For these newsrooms, collaboration, with each other and with mainstream news, has emerged as a key way to build readership and attain relevance in a crowded media space. Still, past research has told us that the strong connection to mainstream news has constrained these organizations’ critique of journalism. In Europe, nonprofit news remains nascent and represents a response to declining trust in and engagement with journalism, and rising populism across the continent. Against this very different context, this study examines two players at the forefront of the European news nonprofit movement. It demonstrates the path dependency inherent in the origins of these organizations: In Europe, they are a response to a different societal change, and thus developed rather differently than did their peers in the United States, with a focus on redefining the idea of collaboration and the role of their audiences by seeing citizens as collaborators, both in the creation and in the dissemination of news. By seeing citizens as collaborators, not just readers, they work to empower and build news audiences as well as participants.     

关于社区体育服务概念与几个关系的再认识

在社会转型期，我国社区体育服务尚缺乏稳定成熟的理论体系，实践中也难以形成稳定的制度化的格局。对社区体育服务的概念、政府行为与社会行为的关系、福利性与经营性的关系、社会化与专业化的关系等问题进行了研究，并提出了相应的对策，以期有助于促进我国转型期的社区体育服务事业的发展。     

我国中小企业融资困难的原因与对策分析

中小企业融资困难是一个普遍性问题。其原因是银行等金融机构的制度安排不尽合理,以及企业本身 管理水平低、信用差。应从银行制度创新和加强以人才为基础、财务为核心、战略为先导的企业管理等方面,提高企 业综合素质和信用水平。     

中美商情数据库建设比较研究

美国是商情数据库建设起步最早、发展最快的国家 ,因此研究美国商情数据库建设及其发展对加速我国商情数据库的建设有着实际的意义。本文通过对中美两国商情数据库发展概况的比较研究 ,发现我国商情数据库建设中存在的问题 ,并提出几点建议     

隋唐长安商业市场的繁荣及其原因

隋唐长安商业市场的繁荣表现在以下几个方面:一、市场内部店、肆、铺、邸空前增多;二、来长安经商的各地商人很多;三、市场上商品品种比前代大为增加;四、商业内部的行业分工更加细密,行业显著增多;五、商业活动逐渐冲破传统坊市制的束缚。这些都标志着当时长安商业发展到了一个前所未有的新高度。隋唐长安商业市场的繁荣主要取决于以下几个有利因素:隋唐两代国家统一,社会安定,币制统一;水陆交通发达及西域商路通畅;长安及关中地区社会经济的发展;长安作为全国政治中心的独特地位。正是在上述诸种有利因素的综合作用下,隋唐长安商业达到了空前繁荣的程度。     

析操纵证券、期货交易价格罪在实践中的运用

操纵证券、期货交易价格罪在适用中的诸多困惑引起我们较多的思考,证券、期货市场是一个比较特殊的市场,证券、期货犯罪亦有其特殊性,目前司法实践中可供参考的案例并不多,本文对操纵证券、期货交易价格罪的犯罪构成要件、罪与非罪的界限、共同犯罪等特殊问题都一一做了探讨,意旨对司法实践有所裨益。