Perceived severity of school bullying in elementary schools based on participants’ roles

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived severity of school bullying among participants with different roles (victims, bullies, bullies/victims and non-involved individuals) and to determine whether interactions between type of bullying and participant roles exist. Two Olweus-like global items and a revised School Bullying Severity Scale for elementary students were used in this study. A total of 1816 valid surveys completed by students in grades 5 and 6 (mean age = 11.5, SD = .84) were collected. Data were analysed using a mixed-model two-way ANOVA. The results revealed a significant main effect of type of bullying. Physical and verbal bullying were perceived as more severe than relational and cyberbullying. A significant two-way interaction between bullying category and participant role was also identified. Bullies did not perceive the four types of victimisation behaviours differently, whereas victims and bullies/victims both rated physical victimisation as most severe and cyber-victimisation as least severe. However, effect sizes were small. Implications for bullying prevention and intervention are discussed.     

社交媒体环境下突发事件严重性评估和预警机制研究

[目的/意义]突发事件的快速蔓延与恶化使得应急管理部门需实时评估突发事件的严重性,并建立科学的预警机制。微博等社交媒体平台为突发事件的实时研判提供了丰富的线索。[方法/过程]从网民作用、网媒作用、事态扩散、态度倾向、网民情感等维度构建突发事件严重性评估指标,提出突发事件严重性指标的影响倾向分析及特征比较方法。以2018年“8?24乐清女孩乘车遇害案”“5?6郑州空姐打车遇害案”“8·27昆山持刀砍人案”和2017年“携程亲子园虐童事件”这4个社会安全事件的1107308条微博数据为例,通过突发事件严重性指标的影响倾向分析,划分突发事件严重性等级,建立突发事件预警机制。[结果/结论]研究结果建立了突发事件的量化分级标准,为政府及时采取应急管理措施提供方法指引与数据支持。     

宽严相济刑事政策的几个本体问题

宽严相济刑事政策中的宽严相互协调、配合、平衡。宽严相济刑事政策应为我国基本刑事政策,在刑事立法中对其性质、内容、地位加以明确界定。和谐是其逻辑起点和归宿,是其首要的、核心的、最本位的价值。宽严相济刑事政策要坚持人道主义、罪行法定、注重效果原则。     

Injuries in formal and informal non-professional soccer – an overview of injury context,causes, and characteristics

The objective of this study is to analyse context, causes, and characteristics of injuries in non-professional soccer. Therefore, a retrospective telephone survey was carried out with persons who were injured while playing soccer and who reported this accident to the Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (Suva). Based on these data, an analysis of 708 soccer injuries was performed. The findings show that 30.1% of the injuries occurred during informal soccer play, and 75.4% of the injured persons were soccer club members. 53.0% of all injuries were caused by contact and 29.5% by foul play. Foul play was not associated with injury severity. With respect to injury severity, twisting/turning and being tackled by an opponent were identified as the most influental injury causes. Moreover, the risk of being severely injured was particularly high players of the 30+/40+ amateur leagues. In conclusion, the findings highlight that 30+/40+ league players are a major target group for the prevention of severe soccer injuries. Soccer clubs may constitute an appropriate multiplier for implementing prevention strategies such as fair play education, healthy play behaviours, and prevention programmes. Finally, a better understanding of injury situations leading to severe injuries is needed to improve injury prevention.     

Skiing accidents in the past 15 years

For the last 15 years a statistical analysis of distances skied and of alpine skiing accidents has been performed in the Davos‐Klosters skiing area, a ‘closed’ skiing area, where every skier has to return from the top to the bottom station. Distance skied is measured by vertical drop in 10⁶ km determined by calculations from frequency surveys by lift‐operators. About 2.5 million km per season have been skied during the past years, a number remaining constant for the last 15 years. In the same time the requirement for rescue‐transports in this area has shown a decline of 46% to 288 transports per season due to a decrease of the number of injuries with initial immobilization. Therefore the so‐called transport‐quotient (one rescue‐transport per 10⁴ km of vertical drop skied) has decreased from its initial value of 4 to 1 per 10⁴ km. During the same time all winter sport injuries were analysed at the hospital of Davos. About 90% are injuries caused by alpine skiing resulting in a total of 17 246 alpine skiing injuries for the last 15 years. There is a great decline in the incidence of lower leg fractures with a contrary development of knee injuries. Today half of the lower leg injuries are knee injuries (280 knee injuries out of a total of 1250 alpine skiing accidents per season). There is a gradual increase of upper extremity injuries from 17% of all skiing injuries in 1972 to 35% in 1976. A Swiss multicentre study on skiing safety shows comparable injury patterns in other skiing areas. The average injury‐severity measured by several parameters is declining.

In a technical investigation of skiing equipment of 1072 persons who sustained an accident, only 32% had ski bindings with tolerable frontal release and 17% with tolerable torsional release. Parallel measurements of bindings of 600 non‐injured skiers gave the same alarming results. More research on the correlation between binding adjustment and knee injuries is needed.     

Fostering Professional Development:

No abstract available for this article.     

Ten-season epidemiological study of match injuries in men’s international rugby sevens

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, nature and causes of match injuries in men’s international rugby sevens and to compare these to values for international rugby fifteens. The study comprised a 10-season, whole population, prospective study of the Sevens World Series. Over the ten seasons, the overall incidence of injury was 122.4 (95% CI = 116.3 to 128.9) injuries/1000 player-match-hours and the mean severity of injury was 43.0 (95% CI = 40.3 to 45.7) days-absence. There was an increasing trend in the incidence of injury over the ten-season period (slope = 5.3 injuries/1000 player-hours/season, R² = 0.68, p = 0.003) but no trend in the mean severity of injury (slope = 0.02 days/season, R² < 0.01, p = 0.971). Head/face (15.7%), knee (15.6%), ankle (15.4%) and shoulder/clavicle (11.9%) were the most common injury locations and ligament sprain (30.5%), muscle strain (16.4%), concussion (12.6%) and haematoma/bruise (10.6%) the most common types of injury sustained. Being-tackled (33.1%), tackling (23.4%), running (16.1%) and collisions (12.4%) were the most common events leading to injury. These results indicate that the burden of injury in international rugby sevens is two to three times higher than that reported for international rugby fifteens.     

Impact of severity of autism and intervention time‐input on child outcomes: comparison across several early interventions

In this article, written by Phil Reed and Lisa Osborne, both from Swansea University, the impact of severity of autism, and the time‐input of the treatment programme, on the outcome effectiveness for four early interventions for individuals on the autism spectrum was explored. The four interventions studied were applied behaviour analysis (ABA), special nursery, an adapted portage intervention, and a local authority approach. Sixty‐six children (aged from two years six months to four years) were studied over nine months, in terms of their intellectual, educational and adaptive behavioural functioning. Children undergoing the ABA approach demonstrated greater gains in functioning (especially in educational functioning). There were differences in the way that autism severity and intervention time‐input impacted on the different early intervention programmes. For special nursery, portage and local authority approaches, the gains made by the children were inversely related to the severity of their autism and directly related to time‐input. In contrast, the converse was true for the ABA approach. These data are discussed with respect to their implications for choosing an intervention strategy for a child on the autism spectrum.     

孤独症儿童心理推测能力的影响因素的研究

本研究除了关注年龄和智力因素的影响外 ,还首次探讨了自闭症病症的程度与心理推测能力的关系。综合本研究和以往研究的结果得出 :生理年龄大并同时伴随较高智力能有助于自闭症儿童理解他人的心理。此外 ,本研究发现 ,自闭症病症程度与心理推测能力之间有显著的负相关。采用大样本去论证这个关系的存在应是今后研究的一个方向。     

论孔子法律思想中的和谐理念

我国传统文化中有着丰富的和谐思想的资源可供当今我们构建社会主义和谐社会时借鉴和利用。孔子的法律思想,尽管在当时还没有形成完整的体系,但其中所包含的和谐思想涉及社会生活的各个方面,深刻阐释了协调社会关系的合理主张,对于当时的社会实际和其后的历史产生了深远的影响。今天,我们进一步对之探索,以期对建立社会主义和谐社会与传承中国传统文化发挥应有的作用。