Digital Module 16: Longitudinal Data Analysis

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jeffrey Harring and Ms. Tessa Johnson introduce the linear mixed effects (LME) model as a flexible general framework for simultaneously modeling continuous repeated measures data with a scientifically defensible function that adequately summarizes both individual change as well as the average response. The module begins with a nontechnical overview of longitudinal data analyses drawing distinctions with cross-sectional analyses in terms of research questions to be addressed. Nuances of longitudinal designs, timing of measurements, and the real possibility of missing data are then discussed. The three interconnected components of the LME model—(1) a model for individual and mean response profiles, (2) a model to characterize the covariation among the time-specific residuals, and (3) a set of models that summarize the extent that individual coefficients vary—are discussed in the context of the set of activities comprising an analysis. Finally, they demonstrate how to estimate the linear mixed effects model within an open-source environment (R). The digital module contains sample R code, diagnostic quiz questions, hands-on activities in R, curated resources, and a glossary.     

基于MDF-Nearest算法的轨迹隐私保护方法

传统轨迹匿名方法在匿名集生成时没有考虑用户多种特征属性,在信息攻击下无法有效保护真实位置;在轨迹形成方面因没有将余弦角度和轨迹间距离作为形成的依据,导致某些虚假轨迹无法有效保护真实轨迹。为改善以上问题,构建一种依据用户多重特征信息构建的匿名集以保证匿名有效性;采用协作用户的真实轨迹并计算相似性,从而生成虚假轨迹相似性高的MDF-Nearest算法。实验结果表明,该方法随着k值的变大与生成轨迹数量的增多,隐私保护效果逐渐改进;与传统k匿名方法相比,该算法时间开销降低41.7%,而隐私保护程度可提高至97.1%。因此该方法能以较低的时间开销,提供质量可靠的位置服务,保护用户信息。     

中外优秀男运动员百米动作速度时空结构的运动学特征

通过文献资料、高速摄像和对比分析的方法,对中外男运动员百米途中跑一个单步的步长、步时及人体重心轨迹进行研究,制定了短跑运动员所应达到的步频、步幅范围与跑速之间关系的模式表,为教练员科学训练提供了依据.     

立轴磨床多轴加工进刀轨迹优化控制模型

对立轴磨床多轴加工进刀轨迹优化控制模型的设计,提高模型的加工精度,为评价数控立轴磨床多轴联动的误差补偿提供依据。传统的进刀轨迹优化控制模型采用稳态预测误差控制的控制算法,导致磨床进刀的交叉耦合轨迹预补偿误差较大。提出一种基于直线轨迹的轮廓误差补偿的立轴磨床多轴加工进刀轨迹优化控制模型。以CAD为预处理软件工具,对加工模具进行空间曲线生成实体模型,构建三维造型,进行立轴磨床的多轴加工进刀轨迹控制模型设计,正确地选择加工刀具,合理地设置切削参数,构建刀具进刀的时间控制轴。构建复杂的零件加工控制系统解耦得到两个独立的控制子系统,实现进刀轨迹三轴联动控制,构建立轴磨床多轴加工进刀轨迹控制系统的轮廓误差向量最小化目标函数,实现控制模型改进。仿真结果表明,该模型能有效提高加工精度,减小误差。     

舵机对机器人的驱动控制

机器人的研究应用领域不断拓宽,其中类人机器人的研究和应用尤其受到了普遍的关注,并成为智能机器人领域中最活跃的研究热点之一。研制与人类外观特征类似,具有人类智能、灵活性,并能够与人交流、不断适应环境的类人机器人一直是人类的梦想之一。本文阐述了采用了PIC系列单片机对机器人各功能子系统进行控制的同时,通过对舵机的优化控制使机器人具有多关节协调运动模仿人类动作的能力。     

应用非线性规划求解月球探测器着陆轨道最优控制

为了减少有限推力作用下月球探测器软着陆所需的燃料消耗,提出了应用非线性规划方法来求解该最优控制问题。首先,将有限推力作用下月球软着陆问题转化为数学上的两点边值问题;在考虑边界条件的前提下,利用拉格朗日原理将该两点边值问题转化为针对控制变量的优化问题;然后应用非线性规划方法求解所形成的参数优化问题。实验仿真结果显示,该方法能够成功实现月面软着陆,表明提出的设计方法简单有效。     

Is small actually big? The chaos of technological change

In this paper, we develop themes from complexity and chaos theory that help to explain the technological change process. We apply two quantifiers, correlation dimensions and Lyapunov exponents, to examine the signs and degrees of chaotic technological dynamics. To illustrate our ideas, we study the development of electronic displays from 1976 to 2010, using patent data. The results of the chaos model are matched against the profiles of patent citations. Our analysis contributes to the development of a chaotic model of technological change.     

Early stages in building hybrid activity between school and work: the case of PénArt

This formative intervention documents the emergence of a hybrid activity aiming at student engagement and academic achievement. In this context-bound study, early stages of this activity consisted in establishing PénArt meant to enable high school students with difficulties to start up their own business at school. It involved reaching agreements between a high school and a youth centre so that high school students engage in the production and selling of their branded t-shirt. At the frontiers of their respective activity system, students, youth workers, special education teachers and members of the school board took actions to cross boundaries and redefine their interrelations. Cultural historical activity theory was fruitful to document the development of a new object-oriented activity. Tensions and contradictions revelaled to be the key moments in the emergence of the hybrid activity. Expansive learning led us to understand that, in a conflicting situation, a collective’s agentive actions create an expansive form of learning and leads to a successful entrepreneurship experience. Change laboratory capacity to foster change for cooperative education in Quebec was successful. The students enrolled in a regional entrepreneurship contest and won it. That was a significant event for students with low self-esteem linked with their performance at school.     

专利引证视角下的技术演化研究综述

专利引文信息因反映技术传承关系、容易获取、便于定性定量化研究等特点,已越来越多地应用于技术演化分析。首先从专利引证角度对技术演化研究相关理论成果进行了系统梳理,将主要研究内容总结为技术主题演化趋势分析、技术前沿变迁比较、技术发展主路径识别、技术演化网络形态特征刻画与发展预测等四类,将涉及的主要研究方法总结为专利引文分析、文本挖掘、技术生命周期经典模型、TRIZ理论、网络分析等五类;分别针对各项研究内容与研究方法进行评述,逐一总结了各自的优势与局限;最后从研究思想、研究内容、研究方法、研究手段四个方面提出未来技术演化研究的发展方向:体现系统性思想、关注动态性与未来预测性、探索多元化方法体系、开发具有强大计算能力的软件。     

基于序列二次规划的赛车行驶线曲率优化分析

运用非均匀有理B样条方法描述赛道内外边界以及赛车行驶线,并运用序列二次规划算法对赛车行驶线曲率进行优化.该方法能帮助赛道工程师在比赛前分析赛道特性.