文字下乡与柔性动员:中国共产党的“民办公助”教育政策研究

陕甘宁边区乡村相对落后的自然、经济、社会和文化发展状况,曾严重阻碍了中国共产党对乡村社会的组织动员进程,加剧了为抗击日本侵略者和国民党势力的双重围困而获取政权和民族独立的难度。在综合力量不足的条件约束下,中国共产党探索实施的“民办公助”教育政策,本着实事求是原则和群众路线方针,将乡村教育与政府工作、劳动生产、家庭生活和社会教育相结合,通过牢牢掌握领导权和引导权,充分发挥农民主体的自主性作用,形成了以文字下乡为主要形式的乡村教育。相对土地改革、民主选举、诉苦等组织动员方式,以文字下乡的柔性动员方式改造乡村、建设乡村,使中国共产党的各项方针政策能深入乡土社会,达到组织动员农民的目的。从社会动员的视角阐释“民办公助”教育政策,对全面、客观地理解中国共产党与乡村、农民的关系,乃至对当前“教育扶贫”工作都有启示意义。

Literary Countryside and Flexible Mobilization:A Study on the Education Policy of the Communist Party of China

The underdeveloped natural,economic,social and cultural conditions of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region during the period of Yan-an once seriously hindered the mobilization process of its rural society and exacerbated its dilemma to resist both the Japanese aggressors and the Kuomintang forces in order to obtain political power and independence.Constrained by the insufficient comprehensive strength,the CPC explored and implemented the policy of‘civilian-run and government-supported education’,which combines rural education with government work,labor production,family life and social education in line with the principle of seeking truth from facts and the principle of mass line.By firmly grasping the leadership and guidance power,the autonomous role of the peasants as the main body can be brought into full play,thus rural education was greatly developed as the main form of education through a policy of‘words going to the countryside’.Comparing with the policies of land reform,democratic elections,complaints and other organizational mobilization methods,the flexible mobilization method of writing in the countryside accelerated more on the reform and construction of countryside,so that the CPC penetrated into the local society and achieved the purpose of organizing and mobilizing farmers.It is significantly important to explain the CPC’s policy of‘civilian-run and government-supported education’from the perspective of social mobilization because it would help to understand the relationship between the CPC and the countryside,peasants.It is also beneficial to the current policy of‘poverty alleviation by education’.