流域生态配水研究进展

流域生态配水是近年来在生态需水这一热点研究领域基础上提出的问题，旨在通过向生态系统分配合理的水资源以达到保护和改善生态环境的目的。流域生态需水要求在实践中进行生态配水，而生态配水同时受到水资源总量的控制。本文简要介绍了流域生态配水的最新进展与动态，以及几种主要研究方法：制度配置、内因性配置、优化配置和协调配置。制度配置主要根据非科学技术手段对生态用水进行配置，内因性配置是根据生态系统自身需求进行生态配水，优化配置和协调配置则通过对生态－水资源－社会经济复合系统的优化或者协调进行生态配水。各种配置方法都有自己的优点，同时也对其中存在的问题进行了分析，其共同的缺点在于对生态－社会经济－水资源复杂系统的复杂性考虑不足，研究问题片面，这也成为生态配水研究需要解决的主要问题。在此基础上，本文探讨了流域生态配水研究的发展趋势，即以整体性思维为出发点，向综合性、全面性发展，形成流域生态配水的完整理论方法体系。

Advances in the Research of Ecological Water Allocation of Watershed

Ecological water allocation(EWA) is needed in the practice according to ecological water requirement of watershed recently,which means to protect and improve eco-environment after allocating appropriate water resource for ecosystem.EWA is necessary in the practice according to ecological water requirement of watershed,,but its quantity is restrained by the total amount of water resources.The paper simply introduces recent advance and several main methods: mechanical allocation,inner allocation,optimized allocation,harmonious allocation. Mechanical allocation means to determine EWA from the respective of non-scientific-technological way such as water market,law,or political power.Inner allocation is to allocate water resources for ecosystem only on the basis of its own ecological water requirement.Optimized allocation allocates water resources by using some kind of optimal methods to get maximum benefit of Ecosystem-Society-Economy.Harmonious allocation tries to calculate EWA considering about the coordination between ecosystem and society,economy.The above four methods analyzes the problem in terms of its own discipline,thus they are lack of comprehensive explanation of EWA. The above four have their own advantages as well as shortcomings.,of which the common one is lack of consideration about the complexity of the system of Ecosystem-Society-Economy-Water Resource,which is the main problem in the research of EWA.Meantime,based on the above analysis,the paper discusses that the research trend of EWA,namely it will go forward comprehensively and synthetically.In detail,it includes the following: 1) Theoretically,it is necessary to combine ecological water requirement with the coordination between ecosystem and socio-economy,which are the inner and external factors of EWA;At the same time,it should also consider the benefit goal and rationality appraisal of water resources utilization of this kind of complex system,so that the theoretical system of EWA can be constructed;2) It should be carried out on the scales and their coupling of different hierarchy of ecosystem,geographic region,and watershed;3) After understanding the inner link between water quantity and water quality,it needs to build up a model calculating EWA considering not only water quantity but also water quality;4) It should overcome the weak points and sum up the advantages of above-mentioned several kinds of allocation ways in the method o;5) It is necessary to analyze the influence factors of socio-economy,and establish the correlation between ecological benefit and socio-economical benefit.From the start point of holistic thinking,the theoretical and methodological system of EWA can be constructed.