尼罗河流域水资源开发利用与流域管理合作研究

尼罗河是非洲跨越国家最多的国际河流,流域涉及10个国家。尼罗河流域大部分处于干旱半干旱地区,用水压力很大。20世纪80年代以来,随着地区政治局势的逐渐缓和以及人口的快速增长,上、下游国家在尼罗河水资源利用上的竞争和矛盾冲突越来越激烈。在一些国际组织和发达国家的援助下,尼罗河流域国家于20世纪90年代开始了流域管理合作的步伐,成立了尼罗河流域合作倡议组织,开展了流域对话及有关联合行动,并协商签署尼罗河流域合作框架协定。本文对尼罗河流域水资源状况、历史水分配、当前开发利用与利益冲突、流域管理合作的倡导及发展等进行了系统的梳理和分析,并讨论总结了有关经验和结论：①地区政治环境的改善对推动流域管理合作发挥了积极作用;②共同利益的增多为流域管理合作提供了重要的内部驱动力;③建立流域管理合作制度是实现流域可持续发展的重要保证;④第三方在流域管理合作发展中发挥重要影响及促进作用;⑤流域管理合作面临的挑战和难题需要创新的解决方案。这些经验和结论对国际河流水资源的合理开发利用及流域可持续发展具有一定的参考价值。

A Study of Water Resources Development and Utilization and Management Cooperation across the Nile River Basin

The Nile River is an international river going across the most countries in Africa, covering 10 countries. Most parts of the Nile River basin are located in an arid and semi-arid region with high pressure on water resources utilization. Since late 1980s, with the regional political context gradually easing up and the population rapidly rising, competition and conflicts on Nile water development and utilization between downstream and upstream countries are becoming increasingly serious. Under aids from some international institutions and developed countries, the Nile riparian countries initiated Nile River basin management cooperation, established the Nile Basin Cooperative Initiatives organization (NBI), launched basin wide dialogue and relevant joint activities, mobilized the process of negotiating and singing of the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement since late 1990s. This paper systematically examined and analyzed the basin water resources situation, historic Nile water allocation, current basin water resources development & utilization and the consequent inter-national interests confrontation, and the basin wide water management cooperation initiation and development. Finally, some lessons and conclusions were put forward: 1) the improved regional political context played a key role in promoting Nile River basin management cooperation; 2) the increasing common interests between riparian countries serve as the critical inner driving force for Nile River basin management cooperation; 3) establishment of the basin management cooperative institutions provides critical enabling conditions to realize peaceful and sustainable river basin development; 4) the third party plays an active role in promoting and influencing the development of river basin management cooperation; and 5) the challenges and dilemmas faced in river basin management cooperation need to be resolved in innovative approaches. The lessons and conclusions drawn from the Nile River basin have positive reference to reasonable development and utilization of water resources and sustainable river basin development in international river basins in the world.