竞技能力系统的非线性演化: 内涵、形式与特征

摘要：演化是运动员的竞技能力系统重要特性，运动训练目的就是促进其向竞技比赛需要的方向演化。在传统竞技能力的研究过程中，我们更多得是关注竞技能力系统的线性演化过程，而忽略其非线性演化的特性。借用复杂性科学与非线性科学研究成果，采用文献资料、逻辑归纳与系统分析等研究方法，对竞技能力系统演化的非线性进行了较为系统的梳理与探索。由此提出：竞技能力系统的各要素之间的非线性作用是竞技能力系统演化的动力和源泉；饱和型、指数型、U型、S型、间隙型、不灵敏区型和时滞型等是竞技能力系统演化的基本非线性模式；而非加和性、波动性、对初始条件的敏感性、分叉性、突变性和协同性等则是竞技能力系统演化过程表现的非线性特性。

Nonlinear Evolution of Competitive Ability System: Connotation, Form and Characteristics

Abstract: Evolution?is an important characteristic of?athletic ability?system and the purpose of sports training is to promote athletic ability evolving the competition direction. In traditional competitive ability studies, we paid more attention to linear evolution process of competitive ability system, and ignored its nonlinear evolution characteristics. Based on research findings of complexity science and nonlinear science, this paper analyzed nonlinear evolution of competitive ability system by the methods of literature review and systematic analysis. Conclusions: Nonlinear function between elements in competitive ability system is motivation force and source of its evolution; saturation model, index model, U model, S model, clearance model, insensitive area model, and time-delay model are the basic nonlinear forms of competitive ability system evolution; non-additivity, waviness, sensitivity to initial conditions, bifurcation, mutability, and cooperativity are nonlinear characteristics in evolution process of competitive ability system.