中国古代御赐书专藏研究:赐书楼考

通过对赐书楼这类特殊的藏书室进行历史考察,考梳其历史渊源、地点位置、形制结构、藏贮书类等方面,统述此类书室作为地方文化现象的功能演变及历史特殊性,以填补古代私家藏书室研究之空白。文章主要采用"E考据"的研究方法,对古籍数据库进行挖掘整理,兼采现代书刊数据库,以考证梳理"赐书"名室者诸方面为旨归。此类书室最早出现于北宋,广泛出现于明清,分布于里第园林、寺观祠宇、学校书院、官府公宇中;所藏以御制书和钦定书为主,兼藏宸翰奎画、御赐珍宝及室主个人藏书。赐书之举多含褒奖和勉励之意,具有宣恩和理化的双重功能。室主出于因物示敬、自炫美名和训导子孙等原因而特以"赐书"名室。清代大量藏书家受赐,使得赐书室功能逐渐演化为纪念和收藏并重,甚而衍生出学术研究的功能,推动了古代校刻勘雠事业的发展。赐书室名亦由原本标志具体房屋的符号演化为代表室主身份的别号,室主以室名命名诗草文集或刻印钤盖于所藏。

Study on Cishulou,or Collections of Emperor-Bestowed Books in Ancient China

In ancient China,library was generally called as Cangshulou.Among Cangshulou,there were Cishulou,Cishushi,and Banshulou,which were special collections of books bestowed or awarded by emperors.By means of e-textual research,this paper makes an historical investigation of Cishulou,focusing on their origins,locations,structures,types of books and other aspects,and makes a summary of their functional evolution as well as their specialness as a local cultural phenomenon,so as to make up the insufficiency of current studies on Cangshulou.It is found out that Cishulou first appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty,flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties,and mainly lied in private mansions and gardens,monasteries and temples,schools and academies,governmental buildings.In Cishulou,there were not only books bestowed by emperors,books published by imperial order,imperial paintings,imperial calligraphy and other imperial treasures,but also books collected by Cishulou owners.Emperors’ book-bestowing activities showed a signal of commendation and encouragement,and thus had functions of both proclaiming emperor’ s grace and civilizing the people.Accordingly,Cishulou were named to show the owners’ respect for the emperors,show their good reputation to the public,and set a good example for the education of their descendants.In the Qing dynasty,books were bestowed by emperors to a large number of scholars.Thus,Cishulou gradually had functions of memorial,book-collecting,and even academic research,which promoted the development of proof-reading,compiling and publishing in China.Besides,Cishulou owners published works,whose titles were after the Cishulou names,and engraved seals on which there were the Cishulou names,so as to stamp on their books.