浅析弗洛伊德无意识假说之来源

在心理学发展史上，无意识这个概念是与弗洛伊德及其精神分析理论紧密联系在一起的。然而，关于无意识心理状态的假说却并不是弗洛伊德最先提出的。在西方哲学史及科学史上．莱布尼茨阐释过的“微觉（次要知觉）”概念、尼采所说的“意识只是表层”、叔本华的“人类灵魂中存在野蛮的兽性”．实际上指的就是无意识；赫尔巴特曾将心理分为意识领域和无意识领域，并把心理生活看作是在各种竞相进入意识的观念之间的一种竞争；赫尔姆霍茨相信从感觉原子中得到的经验世界的构造要求无意识推断的存在；沙可在应用催眠理论的过程中，发现存在着一个脱离意识的心理王国。弗洛伊德的贡献主要在于：他以前人的理论为基础．检验并应用这些假说，创立了精神分析学派，形成了一门以无意识心理研究为主的心理学。本文旨在讨论弗洛伊德主义中无意识思想的来源，分析无意识思想的起源以及对弗洛伊德主义形成的影响，文章最后对弗洛伊德的精神分析理论进行了简单的评价。

Analysis of Sources about the Unconscious Hypothesis of Freud

In the history of psychology,the concept of unconscious was closely connected with Freud and his psychoanalysis theory.However,the hypothesis of unconscious psychological state was not proposed by Freud firstly.During the history of western philosophy and science,Leibnitz had explained the phrase "petites perception" and in fact it was unconsciousness;Nietzsche once said that "consciousness is only the surface";Schopenhauer hold out that "the brutal bestiality exist in the human souls";Herbart compartmentalized the mind into conscious and unconscious fields,and regarded the psychology life as a competition of all kinds concepts that competitively entered into the consciousness;Helmholtz believed that the conformation of experience world which get from the sensory atom require the existence of unconscious;Charcot found that there was an psychology kingdom without conscious during the application process of hypnotic theory.The contribution of Freud was that he tested all of the hypothesis,created the school of psychoanalysis and formed a subject mainly on the research of unconscious,basis of forerunner's theories.This paper aims to discuss the sources of the unconscious hypothesis of Freud.At the same time this paper will analysis the beginning of unconscious and its effect to the Freudianism in the later part.And finally the paper will prvoide an evaluation to Freud's psychoanalysis theory.