西方大学权力模式的运演及其特色

西方国家大学权力的分配与控制,从中世纪的意大利开始,经由英、法、德而至美国,既因时空不同而有别,又有其变迁传承的内在逻辑。从总体来看,西方大学权力模式的变迁是为适应社会发展和增强自身活力,寻求最优化权力配置、实现自主发展的过程。在调整权力关系、优化权力配置的过程中,逐步形成了以意、法、德三国为代表的政府和教授权力相对强势、院校权力相对弱势的欧陆模式,政府、高校、教授权力相对均衡的英国模式以及院校权力相对强势、政府和教授权力相对弱势的美国模式,表现出学术权与行政权并存,教授治校与教授治学共在,政府有限控制与大学有限自治制衡,校内自主权与校外参与权相结合的四大特征。

The Evolution and Characteristics of the Power Pattern in Western Universities

The distribution and control of the power of universities in western countries have experienced various development processes in different periods and areas while keeping the internal logic during the transformation.The evolution of the power pattern in western universities is a process of pursuing the optimized power configuration and achieving the self-regulated development that is in accordance with the social development and boosting the vitality of themselves.There have been formed 3 models and 4 characteristics.The 3 models are as follows:the European model,represented by Italy,France and Germany,in which the government and the professor are more powerful than the school;the English model,in which the government,university and professor are more or less in the same power position;and the American model,in which the university overpowers both the government and professor.Meanwhile,the 4 characteristics are the co-existence of academic power and administrative power,the coordination of professors managing universities and professors governing academic studies,the balance between limited governmental control and limited university autonomy,and the combination of university’s autonomy and social participation.