后精准扶贫时代的贫困治理——制度安排和路径选择

2020年基本消除绝对贫困、全面建成小康社会后,中国进入以相对贫困、精神贫困为特征的后精准扶贫时代。贫困韧性和迁移性导致后精准扶贫时代的贫困发生转型,出现绝对贫困向相对贫困、一维贫困向多维贫困、生存性贫困向发展性贫困、收入型贫困向消费型贫困、原发性贫困向次生性贫困、农村贫困向城市贫困转移等六大特征。后精准扶贫时代贫困发展的动态性和贫困成因的多源性,决定了贫困治理的长期性和复杂性,加大了贫困治理难度,产生了新的贫困治理诉求。贫困治理需要围绕"相对贫困""精神贫困"的治理重心,以"攻心"为上,克服贫困治理碎片化、重塑整体性治理,破除城乡二元结构、实施城乡一体化治理,摒弃运动式治理、建立制度性治理体系,实施正式制度和非正式制度双轮驱动,建立起与国际接轨的多维动态识别标准,出台"贫困治理法",加强"贫困耻感文化"建设,发挥社会企业在贫困治理中的潜力,发掘贫困者内在的正能量,克服"穷人心态",扩展相对贫困者"带宽",矫正个体失灵,消除代际贫困,实现贫困的最优化治理。

Poverty Governance in the Post-Targeted-Poverty-Alleviation Era: Institutional arrangement and path choice

When the aim of eliminating absolute poverty and building a moderately prosperous society is achieved in 2020,China will enter the post-targeted-poverty-alleviation era characterized by reducing relative poverty and spiritual poverty.The resilience and mobility of poverty will lead to the transformation of poverty with six characteristics:from being absolute to relative,from one-dimensional to multidimensional,from surviving to developmental,from income-based to expenditure-based,from primary to secondary,and from rural to urban.The new characteristics,dynamic nature and the multi-source causes of poverty will determine its complexity on a long-term basis,which increases the difficulty and generates new demands in the poverty governance.Therefore,poverty governance should focus on the "relative poverty" and "spiritual poverty",and take the conceptual changing of people in poverty as priority.It is preliminary to overcome governance in fragmentation,reshape by holistic governance,break down the dual structure of urban and rural areas and implement urban-rural integration governance.It is urgent to abandon campaign-style formalism and establish an institutional governance system.Driven by the two wheels of formal and informal system,multidimensional dynamic identification criteria should be established to fit with international standards,by enacting a law on "poor governance",establishing the value of reducing poverty.Experience from "social enterprise" model will be helpful in releasing the potential of the social enterprise in poor governance and exploring the positive energy of the poor,by removing the thought of "being accustomed to poverty",expanding the supporting coverage of the relatively poor,making up for individual failure,eliminating intergenerational poverty in order to realize the optimal governance of relative poverty and spiritual poverty.