解读竞争中努力缺乏的失败:体育竞赛中的"习得无助"现象

基于“习得无助”理论的“动机缺乏模式”和“功能缺乏模式”发展一个体育竞赛的努力缺乏综合模式，通过实验设计验证6个理论假设。80名体育专业学生参加一个投篮对抗，决定胜负，然后，再参加一个投掷飞镖的任务。对被试的朝向认知活动、后续朝向状态、后续努力与第二任务成绩的关系进行分析。结果发现，失败的被试比成功被试更关注结果引起的原因，同时，对后续控制感更低；当归因倾向非控制因素时，后续努力变得下降。另外，归因的方式对后续努力和投标成绩都有影响。

Understand Failure for Effort Deficit in Competitions:Learned Helplessness in Sport

On the basis of motivational deficit and functional deficit of helplessness theories, this study to develop an integrative model in sport competitions through testing 6 theoretic hypotheses. Eighty university students participated into a free throwing competition to detect winning and failure. Then, they also completed a dart throwing task individually. A serial of correlational analyses and ANOVAs were conducted on cognitive activities, state of orientation, effort, and performance on the dart throwing. The result showed that the subjects in failure had more focused on the courses, felt less controllable, and had less effort expenditure on the dart throwing in compared to subjects winning. In addition, attribution styles have also found an influence on the second task. These findings are discussed in this article.