中国古代官立学校学生毕业出路的探讨

中国古代官立学校亦即"官学"是官府开办的学校,分为中央官学与地方官学两级。中国古代历朝政府对设立的中央和地方学校学生毕业出路都很关注,并尽量采取措施解决办学中不可回避的毕业出路问题。从西汉、东汉,魏晋南北朝、隋、宋元到明清各朝代的中央或地方学校学生,建立的毕业生考试测评制度主要是经过考试谋求出路,或为官或为民,在录用中皆以考试成绩为标准。考试不符合要求者,则只能自谋职业。历朝所建立毕业生考试测评制度,依据测评成绩高低决定学生出路及任用,这也是中国最早的公务员考试制度。

On the Outlet of Graduates from Government Schools in Ancient China

In ancient China, schools set up by government were categorized as central government schools and local government ones. The government in every dynasty attached great importance to the outlet of graduates from central and local government schools, and tried every possible means to settle problems encountered in the issue. Graduates from central and local government schools in dynasties like West Han, East Han, Wei , Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing sought their fortune by taking tests to the graduate exam assessment system, the results of which determined their fate as government officials or ordinary people. Those who failed to meet the demands of the tests had to find their own way out. The graduate exam assessment system in each dynasty which determined students′outlet with the results of the tests can be regarded as the initial civil service examination system.