从先秦到明清古典功利论的演变

古典功利论在中国依次经历了先秦功利论和明、清功利论两个阶段。先秦功利论包括墨家、杨朱和法家三种,道德与利益关系的探讨成为他们共同的课题。由于先秦功利论自身的悖论和缺乏自足性资源的支持,因而它始终未能取得支配地位和成为主流伦理形态。明、清功利论的一大功绩就是道出了肉身对心灵反叛的现实,它从人的本能达致人性自然,从君主专制中赎出私利的身份,但它从没有从商品交换的立场肯定这种利益,没有从契约关系中认可多元的利益主体,使明清功利论陷于困境。

Evolvement of Classic Utilitarianism from Pre-Qin Period to Ming and Qing Dynasties

Classic Utilitarianism in China in turn experienced two stages: Utilitarianism in Pre Qin Period and Utilitarianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Utilitarianism in Pre Qin Period consisted of three schools: Mohist School, Legalists, and Yang Zhu School. Their common concern revolved around the relationship between morality and benefit. Due to its own paradox and its lack of self sufficient support, Utilitarianism in Pre Qin Period never gained ascendancy and became mainstream pattern of moral principles. In contrast to it, the contribution made by Utilitarianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties lies in its expression of physical rebellion against spirit. From human instinct to human nature, the latter redeemed the identity of self interest from absolute monarchy, nevertheless it failed to affirm its interest from the standpoint of commodity exchange, failed to approve the multi subject of interest from stipulation, and therefore, Utilitarianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties faced with a difficult situation.