旅游生态补偿的市场化路径及其理论解析

多元化生态补偿制度建设是新时代中国生态文明建设的重要任务,旅游市场化生态补偿机制构建有助于丰富和完善中国生态补偿制度体系。本文运用文献资料梳理和生态经济分析框架,在总结政府主导型、社区参与型等旅游生态补偿实践的基础上,明确了旅游市场化生态补偿的内涵特征、利益主体,并探索其运行的内在机制。结果表明：旅游市场化生态补偿形成生态旅游供需对接平台,具有以市场交易实现生态资源价值、内生性和循环性、参与主体多元性等特征;主要涉及游客、旅游企业、社区居民、当地政府等利益主体;其运行机制是社区居民和旅游企业在有机合作和投入建设基础上,将自然资源和生态系统服务功能生产转换为生态性旅游产品,游客通过付费购买生态旅游产品和服务,形成对旅游企业、社区居民、目的地生态系统的直接和间接补偿,从而构建可持续的“交易—获利—激励—再交易”市场化补偿路径。这一市场化机制运行的前提是自然资源产权的确定,关键是资源生态价值的实现,核心是生态服务功能交易的互动激励,而多方博弈中政府的调节是重要保障。

Marketization path of tourism ecological compensation and theoretical analysis

The development of a diversified ecological compensation system is an important task of China’s ecological civilization construction in the new era. Developing a market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism for tourism contributes to enriching and improving China’s ecological compensation system. Based on the literature review and an ecological-economic analysis framework, this study summarized the government-led and community-based tourism ecological compensation, and clarified the connotation, characteristics, and stakeholders of tourism market-oriented ecological compensation. We then explored the operation mechanism of tourism market-oriented ecological compensation. The results show that: tourism market-oriented ecological compensation forms an ecological tourism supply-demand docking platform, which has the characteristics of realizing the value of ecological resources through market transactions, endogenousness and feedback loops, and diversified participants. Tourists, tourism enterprises, community residents, and local governments are the main stakeholders of the platform. Its operating mechanism is that based on cooperation and investment, community residents and tourism companies convert the natural resources and ecosystem services into ecological tourism products, then tourists purchase the eco-tourism products and services to form direct and indirect compensation for the tourism enterprises, community residents, and destination ecosystem, thereby developing a sustainable market-oriented compensation path of “transaction-profit-incentive-transaction”. The prerequisite of the operating mechanism is to determine the property rights of resources, the key is to realize the ecological value of resources, the core is the interactive incentive for the transaction of ecological service functions, and government regulation is an important guarantee in the multi-party game.