论比较优势的微观实现机制——兼论国际贸易理论与微观经济学由分离到统一

自大卫·李嘉图提出比较优势理论以来，国际贸易理论循着这一原则不断发展和完善，而这些理论始终把整个国家作为研究对象，仅仅进行宏观分析；以产量最大化为目标，仅仅研究整体的福利状况，这就造成了国际贸易理论与微观经济学的分离，从而使之缺乏微观基础。本文正是从微观的角度建立了比较优势的实现机制模型，本模型以厂商的利润最大化和消费者的效用最大化为目标，以边际分析为手段，以价格、产量和消费量的分析为内容，采用一般均衡的方法论证了宏观上的比较优势可以通过微观的价格竞争机制实现，从而实现了国际贸易理论与微观经济学的统一。同时，本模型对不同条件下比较优势实现时的均衡问题，以及不同均衡下贸易利益的分配状况也作了细致的分析。

On Comparative Advantages of Realization Micro-mechanism --Additional Comment on the Annex from Separation to Unification of International Trade Theory and Micro-economics

Since David Ricardo raised the comparative advantage theory, international trade theory had made many further improvements following this principle. But all these theories take entire country as the object of study, focusing on macro-analysis only; and they take maximizing output as target, studying overall welfare only. Thus, the international trade theory lacks mlcro-basis and separates from the micro-economics. This thesis is to build a realization mechanism model of comparative advantage exactly from the microcosmic angle. The model takes the firm＇s profit maximization and consumer＇s utility maximization as target, the marginal analysis as means, price, output and the amount of consumption analysis as content; adopts the general equilibrium method to prove that macro- comparative advantage can be realized through competitive system of price, so that the unification of international trade theory and the micro-economics is realized. At the same time, this model analyzes the different equilibrium under different situation and the allocation of trade benefit when comparative advantage is realized.