张之江与嘉纳治五郎的武术(武道)实践比较研究

为给当今中华武术的发展提供新思路，主要运用文献资料法、对比分析法研究了日本嘉纳治五郎的柔道实践和民国时期张之江的武术实践，得出以下结论：嘉纳治五郎专注于柔道一种武技发展，其实践基地是自身创办的讲道馆，仅仅是一个民间组织，而张之江则着眼于整个中华武术发展，其实践基地是由其发起成立的国术馆，是半官方的武术组织；嘉纳治五郎的主要贡献是由"一点突破"，进而"以点带面"，促进了整个日本武技的现代转型；张之江的主要贡献则是通过武术的"全面开花"来"拯救文化，进而拯救民族"，实现"强国强种"；两者实践的共同点是都立足于技击本质，以对抗形式为主，以实力说话；嘉纳治五郎的成功，主要是顺应了日本的历史发展潮流，张之江国术实践的短暂成功及最后的失败均取决于中华民族发展的时局。以上比较对中华武术发展有如下启示：中华武术能否取得突破性发展，在很大程度上取决于中华民族能否在文化方面恢复汉唐遗风，重塑刚健自强精神，使中华武术得到国家层面和大众层面的普遍关注；中华武术目前发展的首要任务是全面实现现代转型，并从"追求技击之道"高度实现价值提升。

A Comparative Study on Martial Arts Practice of Zhang Zhijiang and Kano Jigoro

In order to provide new idea for the development of the Chinese Wushu, the judo practice of Kano Jigoro and the Wushu practice of Zhang Zhijiang were compared through literature study and comparative analysis. It could be seen that Kano Jigoro concentrated on the development of judo, one kind of Japanese martial arts and his practice base was Kodokan, a non-govermental organization founded by himself. Zhang Zhijiang paid his attention to the development of the Chinese Wushu as a whole and his practice base was National Technique Legation, a semi-official organization initiated by himself. The major contribution of Kano Jigoro was the breakthrough for judo and the guidance of the transition of the Japanese martial arts. The major contribution of Zhang Zhijiang was to save the Chinese culture, to save the nation, to strengthen the nation, to promote the people's physique by developing the overall Chinese Wushu.Both Kano Jigoro's and Zhang Zhijiang's skills were based upon the art of attack, defense and confrontation. The success of Kano Jigoro mainly attributed to the historical development trend of Japan, while the temporary success and the final failure of Zhang Zhijiang came from the political situation of the Chinese nation. The comparison revealed that whether Wushu could acquire the breakthrough was decided by whether the Chinese nation could retain the customs left by Han and Tang dynasties to rekindle the spirit of virility and self-reliance and help the people and the world give more attention to Wushu. Furthermore, the most important task of the Chinese Wushu' development was to reform and to promote its values on the basis of pursuit for the law of attack and defense.