论公民体育权实现的国家义务——基于“权利思维”研究的反思

我国体育法学研究存在明显的“重权利,轻义务”问题。为了推进体育权的实现,在研究范式上应从“权利思维”转向“义务思维”。体育权的实现依靠的是国家义务而非国家权力,国家义务是实现体育权的直接保障与根本保障,且是一种法定义务。在内容体系上,体育权实现的国家义务包含了尊重、保护与给付三个层次。尊重义务要求国家不得妨害公民体育自由权行使;给付义务要求国家应在物质、服务与制度方面为公民体育权的实现创造条件;保护义务则要求当非国家以外的第三人侵害公民体育权时,国家应及时制止并排除妨害。国家违反体育权实现义务应当具有可诉性,其中,违反尊重义务具有完全可诉性,违反保护义务具有部分可诉性,违反给付义务只具备最低限度可诉性。

State Obligation for Realization of Citizens’ Sports Right: Reflections Based on Research of “Rights Thinking”

There is an obvious problem of “emphasizing rights over obligations” in sports law research in China. In order to promote the realization of sports rights, the research paradigm should be shifted from “rights thinking” to “obligation thinking”. The realization of sports rights depends on the state obligations rather than the state powers. State obligations are the direct and fundamental guarantee for the realization of sports rights, and are also a legal obligation. In terms of the content system, the national obligations include three levels: respect, protection and payment. The obligation to respect requires the state not to obstruct the exercise of the citizens’ right to freedom of sports;the obligation to pay requires the state to create conditions for the realization of the citizens’ sports rights in terms of material, service and system. The obligation to protect requires that when a third party other than the state infringes upon the citizens’ sports rights. The state shall promptly stop and eliminate the nuisance. The state’s violation of the obligation to realize sports rights should be justifiable. Among them, the violation of the obligation to respect is fully justifiable, the violation of the obligation to protect is partially justifiable, and the violation of the obligation to pay is only minimally justifiable.