三江源草地多功能性及其调控途径

三江源区是地球第三极典型代表区域之一,具有世界上独一无二的生物物种及其组成的生态系统,发育和保持着世界上大面积原始的高寒生态系统,是中国和亚洲重要的淡水供给地,也是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的源头和重点区。生态系统服务、自然景观、生物多样性具有全国乃至全球意义的保护价值。草地是三江源的主要植被类型,由草地管理引起的诸多生态、环境、社会问题,其管理和治理不仅是牧区的问题,也是包括黄河、长江、澜沧江等江河流域的问题。本文综述了三江源草地管理的现状、问题和需求;提出了基于草地生态系统服务和人类对草地“生产—生态—生活”多目标需求的多重管理目标及管理框架,建立三江源区域草地进行多重目标管理的调控途径及技术支撑;以期对三江源生态可持续发展、国家公园建设和黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展及后续相关政策的制定提供一定的启示。     

世界生物圈保护区对我国国家公园建设与管理的启示

2021年,我国正式建立了第一批国家公园,标志着我国国家公园建设进入快速发展阶段。然而,我国国家公园基本上在已有自然保护地的基础上建立,仍存在治理模式单一、社区参与度较低、保护与发展矛盾较为突出等问题。“人与生物圈”计划是联合国教科文组织实施生物多样性和文化多样性保护的第一个旗舰项目,世界生物圈保护区是该计划的重要实施平台,在生物多样性保护、社区可持续发展、管理治理模式探索、定期评估等方面积累了大量有益经验。文章系统总结了世界生物圈保护区的理论和实践,并结合我国国家公园实际情况提出加强传统文化融合运用、提高社区参与、探索多元治理、推进可持续发展、规范综合评估等方面的对策建议,以期为我国国家公园建设、管理提供参考与借鉴。     

青藏高原生态安全屏障状况与保护对策

青藏高原是我国乃至亚洲的重要生态安全屏障区和全球生物多样性保护的热点地区，保障生态安全是青藏高原生态保护的核心任务。青藏高原物种丰富但受威胁物种多。近15年来青藏高原生态安全屏障生态系统格局稳定，生态系统质量整体趋好，水源涵养、土壤保持和防风固沙服务均得以提升，生态退化趋势得到遏制，自然保护地建设和生态保护建设工程对提升生态屏障功能发挥了关键作用。然而，受气候暖湿化和人类活动影响，青藏高原生态安全屏障仍然面临退化草地面积大，以及冻土面积萎缩、沼泽湿地减少、部分生物栖息地退化、外来物种入侵、局部生态系统退化等生态风险。为了进一步保护青藏高原生态安全屏障功能，建议优化调整自然保护地空间格局，建立以国家公园群为主体的自然保护地体系和加快实施青藏高原生态安全屏障保护修复工程。     

大美青海 探索我国生态文明新路径

正三江源国家公园是党中央、国务院批准的第一个国家公园体制试点。选择在三江源头典型和代表区域开展国家公园体制试点,有助于解决生态环境局部退化趋势尚未根本扭转问题,通过强化国家地位,更好实现对该区域自然生态的系统保护、整体修复,使"中华水塔"坚固而丰沛,持续保护世界第三极,为我国生态文明建设探索出一条新路径。     

中国生物多样性保护取得的主要成绩、面临的挑战与对策建议

经过近30年的发展,我国基本实现了生物多样性的全方位系统保护。目前,生物多样性保护已上升为国家战略,被纳入国家的顶层设计,相关法规制度逐步完善,科学研究取得重大突破。通过实施生物多样性保护和生态修复重大工程,建立自然保护地体系,划定生态保护红线等措施,我国重要生态系统和珍稀濒危物种得到了有效保护,社会参与和公众意识得到明显提升。此外,通过缔结多项生物多样性相关的国际公约和协定,以及倡议成立"一带一路"绿色发展国际联盟等举措,我国完成了从重要参与者向积极贡献者的履约角色转变。然而,我国生物多样性保护也存在一些有待解决和加强的问题,如:资金投入机制单一,数据整合程度不够,对海洋等生态系统的保护投入不足,以及追求数量目标而忽视生态系统结构和完整性等。未来,应转变保护策略,强化顶层设计;加强公约间协同增效,将生物多样性保护与国土空间规划和环境污染治理等相结合;从追求数量目标转为提升质量,加大海洋生物多样性保护,以及野生动物遗传资源库和野外台站建设力度,加强外来入侵生物和野生动物疫源疫病研究;搭建大数据平台,推动生物多样性信息共享和深度挖掘,为全球生态文明建设贡献中国智慧和中国方案。     

青海省寒区恢复生态学重点实验室

<正>青海省寒区恢复生态学重点实验室依托单位中科院西北高原生物研究所,上级主管部门青海省科学技术厅,2009年、2013年、2016年连续三届评估均为优秀省级重点实验室。实验室是青藏高原区域上唯一的省部级寒区恢复生态学重点实验室,主要在青海省寒区特殊和特有动植物种群的保育、三江源生物多样性维持、重要生物资源合理开发与利用、高寒草地生态系统退化与恢复、重大工程建设过程中植被恢复保护等方面开展研究;立足生物多样性保护、全球变化及其效应、可持续发展等寒区生态学前     

围绕国家公园体制试点建设开展青海生态气象保障服务示范省研究

三江源、祁连山国家公园体制试点建设,是党中央、国务院统筹推进"五位一体"总体布局的重大战略决策,是生态文明制度建设的重要内容。青海省气象局以需求为牵引,构建适应国家公园的"136"青海生态气象保障服务新格局,研究总结形成可复制、可推广的模式和做法,为推动生态文明先行区建设奠定坚实的气象保障基础。     

高寒草地健康定量评价及生产——生态功能提升技术集成与示范

本项目以青海省高寒草地(高寒草甸、高寒草原)为研究对象,针对高寒草地健康定量评价及生产—生态功能提升的科学问题及技术需求,统筹考虑草地生态系统的特殊性和生态—生产—生活承载力,从人—草—畜—环境的综合系统出发,以草地生态保护为前提,以发展草地生态畜牧业为抓手,结合全国生态文明先行区、全国草地生态畜牧业示范区、三江源区二期工程建设以及三江源国家公园体制试点方案,开展了高寒草地健康评价及生产—生态功能衰退与结构失调的整合提升研究。通过机制揭示—技术研发—示范应用的全链条设计和一体化实施,在实验点、示范区和区域3个层面上结合高寒草地健康评价与退化草地治理工程,可视化诊断了高寒草地健康状态,定量分析了高寒草地退化成因及因子贡献率,揭示了退化演替的生态过程及其特征,阐明了退化高寒草地生态恢复的生理生态学及繁殖生态学机理,驯化选育出适宜高寒草地恢复治理的牧草新品种,研发出不同类型退化草地生态—生产功能提升技术、高寒人工草地生产—生态群落稳定性调控技术,创建了人工草地分类经营与管理技术模式,对退化草地修复治理进行信息化管理,量化了不同恢复措施的生产、生态效益,系统开展了技术体系的示范与推广,兼顾基础理论探析、健康诊断评价、信息技术管理、关键技术突破及创新模式集成,形成适宜该地区的生产—生态功能提升技术体系,为高寒草地生态系统管理和生态畜牧业产业经济发展提供科学依据、技术支撑和示范样板。     

推动人与自然和谐共处和可持续发展：人与生物圈计划在中国

2021年适逢联合国教科文组织"人与生物圈计划"发起50周年。我国于1973年加入这一全球性政府间大型科学计划,并于1978年经国务院批准成立了中国人与生物圈国家委员会。近50年来,人与生物圈计划的理念与我国自然保护地建设的实践深度融合,对推动我国生物多样性保护和自然资源可持续利用、助力生态文明和美丽中国建设发挥了重要作用。在联合国《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)即将召开和人与生物圈计划发起50周年之际,文章回顾了这一计划在我国的发展历程,分析了存在的问题与挑战,并结合我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的行业背景,以及参与全球环境治理和共建地球生命共同体的新需求,就工作高质量推进方向做了展望。     

云南生物多样性保护科技支撑对策研究

生物多样性资源是国家重要战略资源,云南作为中国乃至全球生物多样性资源最为丰富的地区之一,保护好生物多样性、实现生物多样性资源可持续利用是云南建设生态文明排头兵、筑牢西南生态安全屏障的核心问题之一.文章从省级科技行政管理部门视角出发,探讨提出云南生物多样性保护的科技支撑对策建议.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence