新时期我国科技创新情报需求转变的分析与思考

当前,新一轮世界科技革命和产业变革正在孕育兴起,我国经济发展进入了新常态,正在深入实施以科技创新为核心的创新驱动发展战略,使得科技创新情报需求也正在发展着新的变化。本文对我国科技创新发展的新趋势,科技创新情报需求发生的新变化进行了分析,在此基础上,从资源建设、服务模式、研究方法、组织方式和服务对象等方面,就如何更好地开展科技创新情报研究与服务工作进行了分析和探讨。     

Determinants of the ineffective use of information resources in scientific and technological activities

This paper reveals and analyses the causes and factors (determinants) that are responsible for insufficient and ineffective use of the national and global flows of scientific and technical information (STI) in research and development (R & D). It is shown that the macroproblem of minimizing the effect of the determinants that are responsible for ineffective use of scientific information resources is complex and has an interdisciplinary nature. This paper also formulates some priority measures to improve the effectiveness of R & D information support.     

Information about software tools: Structure,sources, and contents

The content of the term software tools (STs) is discussed in the light of the current development trends in information and communication technologies. The list of possible classification areas of STs is presented that is critical to binding scientific and technical information (STI) to these areas. The main categories of objective representation of STs, available sources of STI on STs, and peculiarities of obtaining (retrieving) STI from these sources are characterized. A 28-group classification of STI about STs by contents (subject matter) is suggested. The areas where it is possible to utilize the suggested classification systems for describing and grouping STI units in databases and databanks are specified.     

Enhanced functions of the modern STI system in Russia in the context of its improvement and of the development of the innovative orientation

The need for functional changes within the Russian STI system in order to correct and to increase its functions in the innovation economy is considered. The main directions of functional changes are revealed and analyzed. The importance of expanding the functional interaction of the STI system elements among themselves and with consumers of scientific and technological information is substantiated. The need to develop problem-oriented information services, as well as to expand coverage of the different categories of users is noted. Much attention is paid to the analytical component in the STI system. The prospects of the consulting component and of knowledge management are emphasized. The roles of information and consulting centers and of information and scientific clusters in the implementation of functional changes in the national STI system are presented.     

The defense technical information center: Expanding its horizons

Nearing its 50th anniversary, the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) continues to support the conduct of DoD research, development, and engineering programs. DTIC provides a full range of information services, providing its customers with document services, database services, and information analysis. Included in its mission are the investigation, experimentation, and application of advanced information science and technology, permitting it to be a leader in the use of the World Wide Web in the Department of Defense. Scientific and technical information (STI) remains DTIC's primary area of concern, but DTIC's organizational and professional culture of providing information content and DTIC's information technology infrastructure have permitted DTIC to extend its customer base beyond the science and technology communities. DTIC now provides external access to publicly releasable defense informaion such as DoD public affairs, environmental, and economic security information.     

Network technologies for information warfare and manipulation of public opinion

This paper explores the impact of new information technologies on the development of social communication and social systems. The properties and features of the modern information environment are analyzed. The factors and technologies of information warfare and confrontation are investigated. The role of information communication technologies in the operation of social-network movements is demonstrated. The means and methods of the mass media, social networks, and destructive network technologies that are applied to manipulate group behavior and to transform public opinion are exposed. The potential of sociodynamics as a new instrument of targeted impact on social systems is explored. Possible risks and threats that face the development of telecommunication systems and networks are assessed. Conclusions and relevant activities are formulated to prevent the rise of information confrontations and to mitigate hidden impacts and threats to the country’s social-economic, scientific, and technological development.     

Classifications and classifiers in the field of scientific and technical information

The correlation between the semantically close triads of the terms “rubric-rubrication-rubricator” and “class-classification-classifier” is considered in the historical aspect. The main types and structures of indices (codes of classifiers) of STI databases with various themes (VINITI RAS, INSPEC, PASCAL, JICST, Chemical Abstracts, COMPENDEX, Science Citation Index (SCI), GeoRef, METADEX, AEROSPACE and High Technology) are illustrated proceeding from the modern definition of the concept of classification systems.     

我国科技情报行业发展方向的探讨

总结了我国科技情报行业体制改革的三个阶段以及形成的多元化管理体制,分析了科技情报行业业务发展现状及其面临的发展环境,探讨和研究了科技情报行业的未来发展方向.     

Does the Federal government need an A-130 for STI?

The article argues that the Federal government needs to develop special government-wide policies, similar to OMB Circular No. A-130, which would be applicable to scientific and technical information (STI). After exploring the relation between government information and government STI, the author points out that Federal statistics has its own special set of policies known as Statistical Policy Directives. STI's situation is different from other government information because it is carried out in the culture of science and academia, in the culture of classified information and export controls, and in the international arena. A policy circular for STI would touch on Federal research and development, technology transfer, classified and export control information, international considerations, interagency sharing, and several existing areas of policy. The Office of Management and Budget, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, or the National Science and Technology Council could issue the policy.     

The modern information culture and information warfare

Information warfare is viewed as a social-information phenomenon in today’s world. Particular features of information warfare pursued in World 2.0 are defined. The emphasis is made on the role of a humanitarian tool, the information culture, which allows one to counter information warfare. The personal information culture and information culture of a society are defined. The importance of the development of the information culture in the higher education area is discussed.     

On the tasks of information management in modern information services of organizations and enterprises

The modern problems of the development of information services in Russia and abroad are considered from the standpoint of information management. The experience of the information management department of the St. Petersburg University of Culture and Arts is described.     

Documenting federal scientific and technical information (STI): A discussion of appraisal criteria and applications for the national archives and records administration

The preservation of scientific data is a complex task, both in theory and in practice. This article examines the major producers of U.S. federal government scientific technical information (STI), principal data categories, and the role of the National Archives in documenting scientific data. The preservation of scientific data by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is a monumental task in both volume and complexity of the data and the issues involved. This article will examine several important questions surrounding the appraisal, accessioning, and preservation of scientific data by NARA.     

Improving access to Japanese scientific and technical literature in the United States: The role of the Federal government

Currently, the United States lacks a clear and consistent information policy defining and regulating the Federal role in collection and dissemination of Japanese scientific and technical information (STI) to users in the public and private sectors. One long-term consequence of this situation involves negative impacts on American scientific and technological innovation and on competitiveness in the global economy.After a discussion of the existing legislative and regulatory environment shaping the Federal government's approach to Japanese STI activities, the article presents five policy options, each of which describes a different role for the Federal government. Finally, the article recommends a combination of two options that will create the basis for a Federal information policy designed to support a self-sustaining STI infrastructure in the United States. That infrastructure will efficiently access and disseminate Japanese STI to public and private sector users.     

Methods of the development of an integrated information infrastructure of library and information systems in science cities

The necessity of information infrastructure development in the framework of the library associations and information services of science cities is shown. The basic components and design stages of integration profile subjects are described. Proposed methods for selecting the technology for the preparation of electronic resources and their allocation, which take the information needs of users of the spectrum of domestic and foreign databases, and the development of a distributed fund of scientific journals into account, are considered for the formation of information resources as a component of the information infrastructure.     

美国图书情报学科人才培养模式与特点

目的：比较、分析美国几所图书情报学科领域知名大学的研究生与本科生教学的主要模式与重要特征,从实践层面对我国图书情报学科教育的改革与发展决策提供参考.方法：实地调研3所美国图书情报教育知名大学的基本教学情况,比较、归纳其教学模式与特点.结果：美国图书情报学科课程设置兼顾了信息科学、计算机科学和其他学科,并根据学院发展方向有所侧重,设置少量必修课,同时配备丰富的选修课,侧重对学生研究方法与工具使用能力的培养.结论：美国大学图书情报专业的本科生与研究生教育具有选课、上课自由度高,但课外学习、考核都把关严格的特征,各环节倚重、依托互联网平台提升教学工作管理实践效率,值得国内大学借鉴.     

数字时代美国联邦科技信息机构信息资源建设与服务创新及其启示

文章对美国联邦科技信息机构及其信息资源建设与服务创新进行重点研究,先从横向上对美国联邦科技信息机构及CENDI与Science．gov联盟进行一个概要分析,然后以美国能源部科技信息办公室的信息资源建设与服务创新为案例进行深度剖析,并藉此提出了关于中国科技信息机构信息服务的几点启示。该文为《数字图书馆论坛》2009年第12期本期话题“各国科技信息机构纵览”的文章之一。     

Key issues of the development of the information infrastructure and information support of innovation activities

We consider some issues of the development of the national information infrastructure in the field of innovation, including a national system of accounting for the results of scientific and technical activities (RSTA) and a national new-generation research computer network (NNGRCN). The current state of the national system of scientific and technical information and its resources for information support of innovation processes are analyzed. In the context of further development of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), we propose a Conception of scientific and technical support for programs and projects of NIS member-states in the field of innovation, making it possible to incorporate the existing innovation-oriented information resources into a joint distributed integrated information system as well as to create new information resources and technologies.     

An information behaviour investigation of the community pharmacists in Greece for developing library and information services

Background and objectives: Community pharmacists require a constant provision of high quality information for updating their knowledge and improving their practices and skills. The development of library and information services for the pharmacists in a meaningful way should take into consideration their information behaviour and needs. This study is an investigation of the information behaviour of community pharmacists in Greece, as well as their perceptions regarding the contribution of library and information services in their future professional development. This is the only empirical investigation which has been made available regarding the information behaviour of the community pharmacists in Greece. Methods: An empirical investigation has been conducted between March and April of 2008 through the development and the distribution of a semi‐structured questionnaire. The sample of the respondents consists of 92 community pharmacists from 22 pharmacy associations in Greece. Results: The community pharmacists have access to the Internet, with limited access to specialized information resources, and they are increasingly utilizing information services in their everyday practices. The pharmaceutical associations (national and local) could play a significant role as information providers and specialized hybrid libraries and information services are required in order to satisfy the current information needs of the community pharmacists. Conclusions: Meaningful library and information services depend on setting specifications relevant to the community pharmacists’ information behaviour. Indeed, in the near future, structured information services may come to rescue the role of the community pharmacists and empower their irreplaceable position in serving the local communities.     

信息技术对信息环境影响的思考

信息技术的发展在给人类带来进步的同时,也带来生存压力、道德缺失、发展失衡等负面影响.可以说信息环境的形成是依靠信息技术的发展,信息技术的发展之路必须要正视其两面性,应以人类根本利益为归宿,重视构建人文科技,促进人与自然和谐发展.     

深圳公立医院信息化建设及信息共享现状

抽样调查了深圳市、区级公立医院信息化建设和信息共享情况,总结了其成效和不足,提出了完善信息化建设、提高信息共事水平、实现区域医疗信息共享等建议,为深圳公立医院制订信息化发展规划及卫生信息政策提供参考。