新闻推理与论证的语用逻辑研究

抽离语用属性、高度形式化的新闻推理与论证的分析及其评价方式已不能准确刻画、涵盖新闻报道中大量运用的、真实的推理与论证模式。当下非形式逻辑理论正在扩充和修改新闻推理与论证的既有形式化内涵,在并不排斥形式逻辑理性的前提下,致力于发现、分析和发展传受双方在日常新闻报道中所运用的论证标准、程序和模式。这些新闻推理与论证逻辑的语用价值走向对于新闻思维的具体内容和逻辑形式关系的建构有相当的现实意义。     

基于描述逻辑的本体检错推理研究——以国共合作领域本体为例

本体检错推理在本体形式化汉语言的描述逻辑基础上,运用Tableau算法对本体的概念层次,声明的实例以及实例间复杂的语义关系进行检测,以保证本体库结构的逻辑一致性和知识描述的正确性。以国共合作领域本体库为例,探讨了本体检错推理的逻辑基础及Tableau算法的原理,分析本体检错推理的内容,并采用描述逻辑推理接口协议DIG集成描述逻辑推理引擎Racer实现了国共合作领域本体检错推理。     

Mapping Ethical Arguments in Journalism: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the potential of a cognitive mapping variant called argument mapping for representing the process of ethical reasoning in journalism. The assumption is that some ethical reasoning journalists do on the job may be observable in the ethical argumentation that takes place among peers in newsroom discussions about ethically problematic situations. After some background on cognitive mapping and the novel aspects of its application in this study, an extended example is presented to illustrate the usefulness and limitations of the argument mapping technique in this context.     

基于本体的数字图书馆检索模型研究(Ⅳ)——历史领域知识推理机制

基于本体的领域知识推理主要分为基于逻辑的领域知识检错推理和基于关系的领域蕴涵知识发现推理。对本体描述的领域知识进行推理,可以检测知识逻辑体系错误,减少领域本体构建繁琐的工作量,减轻对领域专家的依赖,发现领域蕴涵知识。在国共合作领域知识进行语义关系分析的基础上,提炼推理规则库,并分别运用TABLEAU算法和RETE模式匹配算法,在推理引擎Racer和Jena中实现了逻辑检错推理和蕴涵知识发现推理。     

Automatic verification of distributed logic specifications

Formal specification is vital to the development of distributed real-time systems as these systems are inherently complex and safety-critical. It is widely acknowledged that formal specification and automatic analysdis of specifications can significantly increase system reliability. Although a number of specification techniques for real-time systems have been reported in the literature, most of these formalisms do not adequately address to the constraints that the aspects of ‘distribution’ and ‘real-time’ impose on specifications. Further, an automatic verification tool is necessary to reduce human errors in the reasoning process. In this regard, this paper is an attempt towards the development of a novel executable specification language for distributed real-time systems. First, we give a precise characterization of the syntax and semantics of DL. Subsequently, we discuss the problems of model checking, automatic verification of satisfiability of DL specifications, and testing conformance of event traces with DL specifications. Effective solutions to these problems are presented as extensions to the classical first-order tableau algorithm. The use of the proposed framework is illustrated by specifying a sample problem.     

机读目录中体现的逻辑性原理

逻辑性是文献编目的基本原则 ,对于编目员正确理解与操作机读目录的著录具有重要意义。以题名与责任说明为例 ,分析归纳了机读目录中所体现的种种逻辑性现象 ,并就逻辑性与文献编目的客观性、规模性关系进行了探讨。图 2 ,参考文献 8。     

关于逻辑教育的一点思考

逻辑教育是逻辑学回馈社会的最重要方式,也是逻辑学关心社会的最重要体现,只有能关心社会的逻辑学才能获得社会的支持,也只有能关心社会的逻辑学才能获得自身发展的根本动力。逻辑学的发展离不开逻辑教育,我国历史上逻辑学发展的每一次黄金期的到来都得益于逻辑教育的蓬勃开展。刘培育教授在总结20世纪末逻辑学研究存在的问题时就曾指出“我国逻辑界对社会‘关怀’不够”,而这正是中国逻辑学的低谷时期。     

逻辑学原理在基于本体的知识组织中的应用

在介绍本体论和逻辑学基本原理的基础上,分别从概念逻辑、思维逻辑、谓词逻辑和归纳推理逻辑四个方面探讨了逻辑学原理在本体构建方法、本体检错推理和本体整合技术三方面基于本体的知识组织中的应用。     

霍布斯式新闻推理的逻辑、运用及其规制

新闻推理是记者针对特定新闻对象的一种逻辑思维反映活动。从对知觉推理、用语词进行推理、缺损推理到实践推理的方式都有其哲学的规制;而直接指认和联合确认的可靠性法则就是新闻推理结论有效性和正确性的基本依据。霍布斯推理即计算的逻辑思想对于上述新闻判断推理的具体内容和逻辑形式关系的建构有相当的指导意义。     

The effect of a counterplan upon the burden of proof

A deficiency in the theory of argumentation is the lack of a clear, consistent analysis of the effect of a counterplan upon the burden of proof in academic debate. Legal theory provides an instructive analogy leading to two principles applicable when a counterplan is used and when the two teams debate with seemingly equal skill.     

“三个体系”视角下档案管理研究框架的重构

面对我国档案工作的新特点、新形势、新问题,构建具有中国特色的档案管理研究框架意义重大。本文基于对我国档案管理研究内容变化规律与发展趋势的总结,阐述了我国档案管理研究框架重构的原因,认为新时期我国档案管理研究框架的重构需要遵循实践导向、研究导向以及创新导向的原则。文章以档案管理活动的“三个维度”为逻辑起点,以“实体”和“信息”为逻辑主线,以在档案工作中的应用为逻辑终点初步设计出基于“三个体系”的档案管理研究框架。     

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in Library Instruction

This article introduces Universal Design for Learning (UDL), an emerging paradigm to “design course instruction, materials, and content to benefit people of all learning styles without adaption or retrofitting.” The study explores multiple UDL principles that could be applied to library instruction by providing a lesson plan in general and one focusing on teaching Boolean Logic. The article presents data and analyzes surveys to evaluate the impact these have on teaching effectiveness. The results of the survey suggest that a simple adoption of UDL can help students master search skills effectively.     

Enhancing Resource Sharing Access Through System Integration

The application and IT ecosystem of academic libraries typically includes multiple systems, with crucial functions requiring using or sharing information between them. However, library systems are often not well integrated, making workflows and system interactions less than optimal for both staff and patrons. The method to integrate systems that the IDS Project took was to create a middleware platform, IDS Logic, that can connect multiple library systems and open or vendor web services to create the best resource sharing experience for staff and patrons. One specific application that is hosted within the IDS Logic middleware platform is Article Gateway, which uses resource-sharing technology and workflows to deliver fast or instant access to research material to users with little or no staff time and removes as many barriers to user access as possible. Where resource sharing has typically sought to deliver articles in one-to-two days, libraries using Article Gateway typically deliver a significantly higher percentage of articles to patrons within a few hours.     

基于"意义建构"之上的"信息差"理论及模型

本文首先对德尔文“意义建构”理论进行了概括性介绍,然后对德式理论进行了简单分析,在对该理论提出一点质疑的同时,经过从哲学本体论、认识论以及信息论、认知科学的角度做了大量的分析和论证,创新性地提出了在情报学领域中对信息行为研究应建立在“信息差”理论基础上,即在情报学领域内,信息行为集中体现了个体在认知不确定的情况下(信息需求产生的根本原因)对现有的信息系统进行信息差的查寻。本文用了一定的篇幅对信息差理论建立的三个前提作了详尽的论证,进而通过图形及有关函数的表示,对信息差的理论和模型进行了详细的说明。     

Deductive and defeasible reasoning on the basis of a unified algebraic approach

Application of a unified classical approach to the modeling and analysis of both deductive and defeasible reasoning developed by the authors on the basis of n-tuple algebra is demonstrated. A method of analysis of defeasible reasoning transferring the “non-classical” component to the semantics and allowing carrying out logical analysis without violating the laws of classical logic is demonstrated.     

从RDF(S)到OWL,什么在改变之中?

作为一种Ontology描述语言，需要具有丰富的语义表达能力、精确的语义表述性能和有效的可计算性。鉴于RDFS语义表达能力的有限，OWL借鉴了DAML，OIL和DAML OIL的经验，在RDFS的基础之上，通过增加语言构成要素，扩充了RDFS的语义表达能力，并且提高了语义表述的精确性，然而随之而来的是计算复杂性和推理难度的增加，有效可计算性的降低。描述逻辑的存在为OWL语言的设计打下了重要的基础，使OWL能够在表达能力和可计算性之间找到平衡。     

J.S. Mill’s inductive methods in artificial intelligence systems. Part I

The principles of J.S. Mill’s induction are formulated. These principles are developed and formalized for the five J.S. Mill’s inductive methods (the method of agreement, the method of difference, the joint method of agreement and difference, the method of residues, and the method of concomitant variations). The method of agreement, the method of difference, and the joint method of agreement and difference are considered in Part I. The possible strategies of plausible reasoning that realize the interaction of Mill’s induction, analogy, and abduction are formulated. These strategies are considered to be cognitive reasoning (justification is provided).     

基于本体与规则的语义推理研究

为解决本体相关概念的共享和信息集成,发现本体间的语义关联,提出了本体与规则整合下的语义推理模型ORRM,构建了家庭本体FO。将推理集中在两个不同层次,第一层的推理使用Racer推理机进行描述逻辑的推理,检测本体的冲突。第二层使用本体中表示的概念和属性制定成员规则库,采用基于XML的SWRL呈现规则和Jess推理引擎,增加了本体概念问语义的关联。该模型在本体中引入规则表示,弥补了OWL DL在推理机制上的不足,推导出的新本体在原本体的基础上实现了本体成员间隐含关系的语义推理,完善了本体知识库的内容。在语义Web领域,该模型的应用能够提高本体知识的利用率。     

SWOT智能情报分析系统

SWOT分析方法可以对企业在行业中的位置,竞争对手以及市场进行一个客观的评价。但目前还没有能自动进行分析处理的软件,针对这种情况本文提出了一种基于神经网络专家系统的SWOT智能情报分析系统。该系统将企业的自身优势、弱势以及外部机会与威胁因素的定性问题全部转换为神经网络可识别的代码,进行不确定性推理得到的结果经过输出转换处理,将定量数值转换为实际问题的定性描述,分别形成针对企业的SO策略、ST策略、WO策略及WT四种策略,可为企业提供参考性的建议。经过初步测试表明系统具有较好的推理效率及容错性。系统可通过不断积累和学习新案例来提高系统的推理能力和解决实际问题的能力,同时具有人工分析所不可比拟的高时效性     

新中国图书馆学体系研究六十年

认为新中国成立60年来,图书馆学界对图书馆学体系的研究已取得重要突破和进展,并构建多种类型的图书馆学体系。但在确定图书馆学体系各层次内容中,还存在缺乏逻辑性等诸多缺点。指出应遵循科学合理的构建原则,克服各种缺陷,构建具有时代性、科学性、系统性的图书馆学体系。目前图书馆学体系正朝着深度分化、边缘综合、层次拓展的方向发展。