自然神学与科学

自然神学与自然神论体现了宗教神学与科学在深层思考上的相通融性，这具体表现在理性统一性、终极实体性、时间与空间的极限等诸多问题上，宗教与科学有诸多对立，但这些对立的表象之下也存在着诸多通融性和互补性。宗教神学在诸多问题上启示和推动过近代科学的形成与发展。     

古希腊灵魂学说的流变

什么是灵魂,究竟有没有灵魂,灵魂的存在和活动方式是什么,从泰勒斯到亚里士多德,古希腊贤哲关于灵魂的论述深刻影响了西方人的精神世界。按他们所关注的侧重点及其认知水平的不同,可相应地将古希腊关于灵魂问题的探讨划分为自然灵魂?伦理灵魂和神学灵魂这样三个不同的历史时期。起初,灵魂被泰勒斯用来解释自然界的生成变化;到了阿那克萨戈拉或至少苏格拉底那里,灵魂则主要用于阐释人性的善恶,对自然的解释已退居次要地位;后来普罗提诺则直截了当地把灵魂当作具有神学意义的太一之派生物。自然→人→神,是古希腊灵魂概念之流变的基本路径。     

论赫拉克利特的灵魂观

国内外对赫拉克利特的灵魂观评议纷说不一,给正确评价他的哲学造成混乱。论文从赫拉克利特哲学的整体观点出发,分析了他的灵魂观与始基、逻各斯、朴素辩证法等的关系,探讨了他关于灵魂起源与生死的观点,从而得出结论认为:他的灵魂观继承了古希腊早期哲学灵魂观的优良传统,实现了对旧原始灵魂观的大胆的革新和改造,表达了灵魂观的唯物主义倾向,开辟了人们认识灵魂的新方向。文章同时也指出了他灵魂观上存在一定的混乱,并分析了产生混乱的原因。     

《白鲸》自然书写的生态神学解读

赫尔曼.麦尔维尔(1819—1891)是美国重要的小说家之一。他的小说《白鲸》是一部内涵极其丰富而复杂的作品。多年来,人们对于该小说的解读众口不一,但对它的宗教研究还比较少,尤其对于小说中生态神学发掘几乎处于缺失状态。文章试图从生态神学的视角对该小说进行解读,发现这些内容关注自然、关注人与自然的关系等相关主题,这正是作者生态神学思想的体现。从这里我们也能看出,基督教生态神学思想并非是只关心灵魂的救赎,也关注现实中的生态问题。     

从实体转向调节性思维原则的目的论 ——自然目的论从古希腊到康德的发展

传统实体化的目的论很难脱离神学的窠臼，康德把自然目的论变成了一条具有调节性作用的思维原则。在这条原则的指导下我们就可以把整个大自然看作是一个以人的道德为终极目的的系统并由此实现从自然到自由的过渡。由于这条原则在康德那里并不是关于自然的客观知识，而只是像人这样的有限的理性存在者对自然所应该具有的一种主观看法和态度，因此并不能真正实现由自然向自由的过渡。     

伏尔泰是怎样批判神学世界观的

本文对法国伟大启蒙思想家伏尔泰批判宗教神学世界观的历史功绩作了客观评价。伏尔泰的批判武器是自然神论，这种自然神论是摆脱神学的简便形式，是一种具有特殊性质的无神论形式。今天研究这种反神学思想，是有现实意义的。     

论古希腊精神哲学的矛盾进展

本从古希腊哲学中“逻各斯精神”和“努斯精神”两个核心要素的矛盾分析出发，探讨了古希腊精神哲学从智派到苏格拉底思想发展的内在的精神动力，指出其在依靠这两大要素超越了自然哲学之后，由语言逻辑和自由精神双方各自的“自否定”原理而一步步走向辩证法和神学的必然性，澄清了西方理性主义传统一开始就表现出来的主体自身的内在矛盾性。     

宗教信仰与人文关怀--刘小枫基督教神学价值论衡

刘小枫先生的西方现代基音教神学思想在20世纪80年代的中国思想文化界曾激起强烈反响。对当时居正统地位的李泽厚先生的在历史理性主义基础上建立的民族文化心理“积淀说”构成有力的反动。90年代，社会生活发生了深刻变革，“人文精神大讨论”和“终极关怀”的追寻以及各种西方后现代思潮的广泛引入，种种努力都在试图为当下的物化社会寻求一种精神上的启迪。在对人性的去蔽与澄清的意义上，宗教神学与之不谋而合。因此有必要在新的语境下对刘小枫先生的基音教神学思想进行再评价。     

先秦道家的天人感应思想

先秦时期的天人感应思想包括神学化的天人感应思想和自然化的天人感应思想两大类。先秦道家所持的主要还是一种自然化的天人感应思想。老子、列子的思想中多少有些神学的天人感应观念,文子的天人感应思想主要是自然化的气感应,很少神学的成分,但他的感应之气既包括物质性的阴阳之气,又包括非物质的精诚之气,加上他偶尔也有"天与之,地助之,鬼神辅之"这一类神学性质的天人感应思想,这就使得他的感应说多少带有一些神秘性。先秦道家一直到庄子才基本抛弃了神学的天人感应思想,而从自然的角度来谈天人感应。     

杰拉德·霍普金斯风景诗中的神性自然

维多利亚时代诗人杰拉德·霍普金斯不仅是公认的宗教诗人和自然诗人，也是一位具有独特视觉敏感度和表现力的风景诗人。他的风景诗作将自然与宗教巧妙地融为一体，其笔下的风景既具有宗教的超验神性，又具有物质存在的现实性，实现了神学与生态观照之间的平衡统一。诗人通过参差多态和神秘崇高的景观描写折射出对神性自然的敬畏虔诚，同时以现代生态神学思想抵御理性主义对自然的祛魅，从而推动自然踏上复魅之路。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.