Longitudinal Effects of Student Mobility on Three Dimensions of Elementary School Engagement

Working within the developmental science research framework, this study sought to capture a dynamic and complex view of student mobility. Second‐ through fifth‐grade data (N = 1,003, predominantly Caucasian) were drawn from a longitudinal study, and growth curve analyses allowed for the examination of mobility effects within the context of other factors that put children at risk, including behavior problems and family stress. School changes predicted declines in academic performance and classroom participation but not positive attitude toward school. Time‐varying factors such as peer acceptance and teacher support had a positive influence on the growth trajectories of child outcomes. Additionally, teacher support had a particularly strong influence on positive attitudes toward school among children who had more school changes.     

The Normative Dimensions of Teacher/Student Interaction

The asymmetrical structure of educational attainment has been documented widely. The main unresolved problem in educational research now is to explain the process by which this occurs (i.e. the process of social reproduction). In this research, all students in government secondary colleges in Tasmania were asked to nominate teachers who had been ‘especially helpful or encouraging’. A teaching style questionnaire was issued subsequently to all teachers (n = 505) receiving two or more nominations. Also, the top 25 teachers were interviewed. The results show that the teacher/student relationship is critical in facilitating the ‘educational process’, that this relationship is based on the reciprocal expectations (norms) of students and teachers, and that ‘effective’ teachers use specific techniques in establishing their relationships with students. The research is based on an innovative technique of quantifying the qualitative aspects of these norms or ‘working models’. The results suggest that training effective teachers requires more attention to the nature of the relationship between teachers and students. An effective relationship with students can be achieved using a variety of ‘role destructuring’ techniques.     

Student Surveys for School Teacher Evaluation

Students reports have the potential to add much useful information about school teacher quality. However, much research has centered on post secondary settings and many questions remain about the use of pupil surveys for K–12 teachers. The Davis County School District (Utah) uses pupil surveys as one teacher-chosen data source for teacher evaluation. The surveys of 9,765 students were analyzed for patterns of response. Item analysis suggests that pupils responded with reliability and validity. Some individual items are more defensible than others for conceptual and empirical reasons.     

Inside Systemic Elementary School Reform: Teacher Effects and Teacher Mobility

In the 1995–96 and 1996–97 school years, 37 elementary schools in Memphis, TN began implementation of 1 of 8 comprehensive school reform designs. The effectiveness and mobility of teachers at these schools were examined longitudinally relative to teachers at 63 nonrestructuring schools. Analyses of teacher effectiveness scores, derived from student “value-added” achievement scores, indicate that the 1995 reform cohort only showed significantly greater gains in effectiveness relative to the nonrestructuring group. This pattern was most strongly pronounced for highly experienced teachers. Teacher mobility was found to increase minimally as a function of restructuring, largely due to district policy changes.     

Student Achievement and School and Teacher Accountability

This article is part of a set of papers generated from a keynote presentation by Dr. Jack Frymier at the 1997 CREATE annual meeting. Dr. Frymier dealt with several reasons, that, as he saw it, invalidate the use of student achievement data in teacher accountability systems. This article first notes problems with Dr. Frymier's conception of accountability. Next, it summarizes some of the recent evidence showing the strong connection between school and teacher effectiveness measures and student achievement. It then notes some of the benefits of school and teacher effectiveness measures external to their function as measures of performance. Next, policy issues arising from the use of student data and the associated research are considered. Finally, it concludes with some cautions about using effectiveness measures in teacher accountability systems.     

Teacher Evaluation of Student Behavior and School Dropouts

Abstract

An investigation to determine if on the basis of behavioral trait “classroom teacher” could Identify students who would later quit school. Two groups were established from Ss entering: the ninth grade during: a two-year period (N = 96). One group graduated four years later. The second group left school prematurely. Ratings were obtained from 506 teachers on Ss in seven areas of behavior. The findings Indicated that male dropouts were rated significantly less favorably on all criteria when compared with male graduates. Similar findings were obtained with female dropouts and graduates. Teacher evaluations of student behavior were reliable predictors of future school attendance and reflective of pupil adjustment.     

关于小学教师培养模式的思考

分析小学教师培养现状,正视其存在问题,对于探索小学教师培养模式具有现实意义;明确小学教师专业特性,是构建小学教师培养模式的逻辑起点;创新小学教师培养模式,要坚持全科综合培养,注重专业技能训练,加强教育实践环节,这是提高小学教师教育质量的关键所在。     

中小学教师流动的问题与对策

目前,中小学教师流动出现了一些不合理现象:教师流失严重,流动单向性,流动人事纠纷日增,影响了基础教育全面、健康的发展。为了促进教师合理流动,应该采取以下措施:(一)建立教师定期轮换流动制,构建教师系统内流动机制。(二)广开入口,面向社会广辟师源;疏通出口,建立“竞争—淘汰”机制;建立教师人才市场,搭建教师交流平台,构建教师系统内与系统外之间流动机制。     

Professional Preparation of the Elementary School Physical Education Teacher

This article offers a brief and personal account of the historical background, implementation and principal findings from the Trois-Rivières regional project, a large-scale quasi-experimental intervention that tested the impact of providing a daily hour of specialist-taught quality physical education upon the physical and mental development of primary school students. The intervention continued in grades one through six, and it enhanced maximal aerobic power, physical working capacity, muscle strength and physical performance in both boys and girls in both an urban and a rural setting. However, the programme had little influence upon the immediate health, growth, maturation or prevalence of obesity in the experimental group. A follow-up study was carried out when the students had become adults; this showed positive effects upon attitudes towards physical activity, but only limited long-term effects upon habitual physical activity and other aspects of health behaviour. Strengths and limitations of the Trois-Rivières regional project are considered, and suggestions are offered for those planning future studies of this type.     

The Focus of Teacher and Student Concerns in Discipline-Specific Writing by University Students

There has been considerable research into teacher feedback on student writing. Very little of this research has been done in those university classes focusing on the development of understanding of disciplinary content, especially in Australia. Furthermore, the relationship of feedback comments and assignment purposes has not been investigated for content classes. Nor is there much research on student understanding of the purposes of assignments and their expectations about the kinds of items that teachers will comment on. This study examines the interrelated aspects of the purposes of assignments, teacher feedback comments, and student perceptions and expectations. Data were collected in two university subjects. The findings show that in both subjects teachers and students broadly agreed on the purposes of the assignment. However, teacher feedback comments did not fully correspond to the purposes for the assignments, nor did feedback match students' expectations about the aspects of writing on which they predicted that their teachers might comment.     

我国某地区中小学教师构建师生关系状况调查

文章从师生关系模式角度调查了我国某地区中小学师生关系规范性的状况,分析了导致我国中小学师生关系不规范的主要原因是教育理论在这个领域研究的不深入、不具体及中小学教师这方面教育理论修养低的问题     

Teacher Leaders Building Foundations for Data-Informed Teacher Learning in One Urban Elementary School

ABSTRACT

We examine how teacher leaders (TLs), working in a low-income urban elementary school, supported their colleagues to learn how to collect quality formative data and to discuss it in collaborative conversations in order to make their students’ learning visible. The TLs faced challenges reflecting consequences resulting from the district’s high stakes accountability policies restricting teachers’ agency with instructional decision-making and limiting their definitions of data as summative test scores. We document how the TLs worked to reframe teachers’ understanding of data to include evidence of student thinking and supported their colleagues to reclaim teaching as professional versus technical work.     

如何做一个有爱心的小学语文教师

教师承担着教书育人的光荣使命。对于小学语文教师来讲,要完成这一光荣的使命,不仅需要精湛的业务素质,还需要具备一颗爱心。因此,我们在教学过程中要尊重学生,并宽容学生的错误,从而才能使师生关系变得和谐,使学生获得更大的发展。     

Patterns of Teacher‐Student Interaction in Inclusive Elementary Classrooms and Correlates with Student Self-Concept

The efficacy of placing students with special needs in inclusive classrooms may depend in part on how instructional factors contribute to student outcomes. Differences in frequencies and levels of cognitive engagement of interactions among nine teachers in inclusive elementary classrooms were related to three other variables: teachers' ratings on the Pathognomonic-Interventionist (PATH/INT) Scale, students' designation either as exceptional or at-risk (EX/AR) or as typically achieving (TA), and students' scores on the Piers Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Teachers with PATH beliefs, who attribute learning difficulties to permanent characteristics of the student that are beyond the teacher's mandate, interacted infrequently with their EX/AR students at low levels of cognitive engagement. Teachers with INT beliefs, who see themselves as responsible for the achievement of all their students irrespective of their disabilities, interacted with all students more frequently, and at higher levels of cognitive engagement. In contrast to the PATH teachers, their EX/AR students received more instructional interactions than their TA students. As expected, the EX/AR students in all classrooms had lower Piers Harris Self-Concept Total Scale scores than typically achieving students. However, both TA and EX/AR students had lower Self-Concept Total Scale scores in the classrooms of teachers with PATH beliefs, compared to students in the classrooms of INT teachers. The relationship is discussed between teachers' beliefs, their different patterns of instructional interactions with students with and without disabilities in inclusive classrooms, and the possible impact of instructional interventions on students' self-concept.     

教师参与学校治理能提升学生学业表现吗——基于PISA数据的实证研究

教师参与是完善学校治理结构、提升学校治理能力的重要举措,但学界关于教师参与学校治理对学生学业表现的影响讨论仍显不足。基于PISA调查数据探讨教师参与学校治理的影响效果问题,多层线性回归模型结果表明,教师参与学校治理能够显著提升学生学业表现,但教师参与不同领域的学校治理对学生学业表现的影响存在显著性差异。教师能力是影响教师参与学校治理效果的关键因素,并且教师能力能够显著调节教师参与学校治理对学生学业表现的影响。为此,首先要树立善治治理理念,鼓励教师参与学校治理;其次明晰教师参与边界,提高教师参与能力;最后要优化教师参与路径,建立教师参与保障机制。     

中等师范教育资源与现代小学教师教育--连云港地区小学教师教育90年历史回顾

连云港地区的小学教师教育已经有了90年的历史.目前基本形成了"两个板块、一个主体"的发展格局.当前连云港地区小学教师教育格局的形成,是我国教育体制,特别是师范教育体制改革宏观推动的结果,也是连云港地区基础教育改革和发展促进的结果,更是连云港地区小学教师培养事业自身成长的结果.90年的历史积累,对当前小学教师教育事业的发展具有历史性的启发和推动意义.     

新中国小学教师培养机构变迁研究

新中国成立以来,我国小学教师教育机构经历了一系列的变化:机构层级逐渐提升,出现新的三级层级,组织形式愈发扁平化。这一机构变迁推动了小学教师培养朝高学历化、专业化、综合化的方向发展;也引发了对机构变迁速度、对中师历史的态度以及对机构转轨的认知等思考。未来小学教师教育机构应寻求独立化发展、实现专业的独立建制和学科的共同体建制,并积极正视中师发展的历史经验。     

Teachers' Gender Stereotypes as Determinants of Teacher Perceptions in Elementary School Mathematics

This study analyzes the hypothesized biasing effect of teachers' gender stereotypes on their impressions of their students' competence and effort in mathematics. 48 teachers participated in the study and responded to the questionnaires concerning perceptions of about 300 of their third and fourth grade students. In general, teacher perceptions were consistent with stereotypes of gender differences: Boys have more developmental resources in mathematics. Furthermore, this bias in teacher perceptions of their students' resources in math is linked to the teacher's own category — based, gender role stereotypic beliefs regarding the general distribution of math talent between boys and girls. The finding is moderated by the student's performance level: It only holds for average and low achieving but not for high achieving boys and girls. In this way, students' performance level is an essential mediator-variable in the transmission of teachers' gender stereotypes.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.