论科学的技术的关系

随着现代科学技术发展的日新月异，科学和技术的相互依赖、相互促进的关系日益明显，出现了科学技术一体化的新特点和新趋势。本主要从科学、技术的含义；科学与技术关系的历史演变；科学的技术化、技术的科学化等方面来加以阐述。     

Mathematics and science choice following introduction of compulsory study profiles into Dutch secondary education

Since 1998, upper level secondary education pupils in the Netherlands are required to choose one of four study profiles with their own specific and fixed combinations of final examination subjects. With the aid of multilevel analyses, the extent to which this situation has led to changes in the determinants of mathematics and science choice (i.e. selection of a science profile) is examined for more than 3500 pupils. From a meritocratic perspective, the relative contributions of background characteristics versus personal aptitude are examined. The introduction of the study profiles appears to have produced sharper lines with respect to sex and socio‐economic status. Optimal use is thus not made of existing science talent.     

Girls in science and technology in secondary and post-secondary education: the case of France

Based on surveys undertaken by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France’s National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) and by the Direction de l'évaluation de la prospective et de la performance (Directorate of Evaluation, Forecasting and Performance), this article examines the evolution of female student enrollment in scientific streams in secondary and post-secondary education in France over a period of approximately 20 years, from 1985 to 2008. The aim is to study the changes and constants in girls’ choices in science and technology education. The results show that girls’ choices to study science and technology have undergone clear changes during this period. These changes have been positive at the secondary level, but rather more ambiguous at the post-secondary level. Both an appraisal of positive developments and the persistently low representation of women in scientific fields will be offered.     

Problem solving in science and technology education

Both science and technology education have a commitment to teaching process; investigations or scientific method in science, design in technology, and problem solving in both areas. The separate debates in science and technology education reveal different curricular emphases in processes and content, reflecting different goals, and pedagogic and educational research traditions. This paper explores these differences and argues that each curriculum area can learn from the other. Despite the interest in processes, problem solving remains neglected in each area, particularly with respect to empirical accounts of student problem-solving activities and the supporting pedagogy. This paper draws on the situated learning and social constructivist literature to provide insights into problem solving in technology education. The research reported here, gives accounts of the problem-solving strategies of English secondary school students. These strategies represent their responses to technology activities and the learning environment created by teachers.     

Towards coherent science and technology education

The integration of science and technology education has been a topic of worldwide debate. However, the focus of the debate has been too much on the degree of integration of subjects at the expense of such important but related issues as the nature of the constituting disciplines, educational levels (state, school, classroom), and the objects of integration. Integration should be seen from the perspective of curricular coherence. Coherent science and technology education (CSTE) should pay attention both to uninterrupted learning on the part of students and to the nature of the constituting disciplines. This paper describes a study exploring CSTE practice in nine junior‐secondary schools in the Netherlands. It recommends a framework to promote CSTE by stakeholders at the state, school, and classroom levels.     

大学科学教育与人文教育关系的历史考察提要

一、科学教育与人文教育融合的大学理念 我翻阅了20世纪初有关此问题的一些资料,有这样的印象:20世纪初,我国教育和文化的先驱者介绍西方科学、设计中国的科学教育时,他们没有偏见.在他们看来,"科学"范畴中既有自然科学,也有人文社会科学.具有代表性的是,鲁迅于1907年写的<科学史教篇>,叙述西方科学史的讲义(收集在杂文集<坟>里).鲁迅提出教育的目的是"致人性于全"、即人的全面发展.为此,人们需要自然科学,也要人文社会科学.用他的话说就是:人类需要牛顿,也要莎士比亚;要康德,也要贝多芬;要达尔文,也要嘉莱勒;物质生活和精神养料都不可缺少.     

Value added based on educational positions in Dutch secondary education

Estimating added value as an indicator of school effectiveness in the context of educational accountability often occurs using test or examination scores of students. This study investigates the possibilities for using scores of educational positions as an alternative indicator. A number of advantages of a value added indicator based on educational positions of students can be formulated, such as: (a) the societal significance of educational position as output measure; (b) the fact that a single indicator can be estimated for an entire school in a differentiated educational system, where not all schools provide education in all tracks; and (c) the expectation that value added based on educational positions leads to other incentives for schools than value added based on test scores. Empirical analysis of Dutch cohort data (VOCL'99) for secondary education showed considerable differences in effectiveness between schools in the positions of students. Furthermore, differential school effects were found for both socio‐economic status and prior achievement. The phenomena of differential school effects for socio‐economic status and prior achievement are linked to differences between schools in the kind of tracks in which the schools provide schooling.     

School counsellors' perceptual sex role differences in Dutch secondary education

In a pilot study two Dutch secondary schools have been investigated with respect to four characteristics of school counselling as perceived by the school counsellors and students: (1) What counselling in the school should or should not be; (2) What are the reasons for starting a counselling activity; (3) What are the outcomes of school counselling; and (4) What are the necessities for school counselling.As a total group both males and females disagree with students on the practice of counselling within the context of the school, while both groups agree with students on the person oriented aims of counselling. Males and females perceive different reasons why counselling in the school is necessary and they perceive different kinds of outcomes. Female counsellors perceive markedly less reasons for counselling in school achievements of students than males, while they report more reasons for counselling than males where the prevention of conflicts between students in the classroom are concerned. Apart from discrepancies between male and female school counsellors, the students perceive more counselling outcomes than both groups of counsellors in terms of coping behaviour and conflict management. Students and counsellors disagree on several necessities for counselling, such as the amount of commitment required for counselling duties and the prerequisites of cooperation and support between counsellors.Paper presented at the XIIth International Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling, 22–26 June 1986, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden     

国外高等工程教育中的人文教育及其对我国的启示

本文运用比较研究的方法，从课程设置、教学内容、教学管理等方面对我国和国外若干大学工程本科教育的人文教育状况进行了初步研究，提出了若干加强与改进我国高等工程教育中的人文教育的具体建议。     

从教师教育一体化的新视角,看教育学院学历教育与中小学教师继续教育的关系

本主要以教育学院的教育实践为依据，从历史渊源、法理逻辑以及继续教育与学历教育的相互依存等方面论证教育学院学历教育与中小学教师继续教育的关系。指出适度发展学历教育，可以增强继续教育的实力，完全符合教育学院作为培训院校的职能定位。在认真办好学历教育的基础上开展中小学教师继续教育，不仅可使其更加有效，而且符合师范教育职前培养和职后培训“一体化”的世界潮流。     

建筑技术与艺术的关系

文章试图用哲学原理分析建筑技术和建筑艺术在建筑领域中的相互关系。总结出建筑技术与建筑艺术既相互区别又相互联系,与建筑体形成统一整体,只有将两者紧密地结合才能开创建筑的新时代。     

Oral traditions,changing rural landscapes,and science education

This forum response extends the argument made by Avery and Hains that oral traditions can be useful for including the cultures and contexts of rural areas within science instruction. To buttress the oral expressions presented in Avery and Hains, I compare oral expressions of a second rural area, 600 miles to the South, in Eastern North Carolina. I explore similarities and differences in expressions from the two areas and consider the changing rural context within Eastern North Carolina. I add a consideration of larger demographic shifts impacting many rural areas—particularly in the US South—and close with a discussion of implications for science education.     

对幼儿科技教育的理性思考

一、幼儿科技教育的目的幼儿科技教育的目的是传授科技知识亦或培养科学能力还是其他什么这是必须要搞清楚的原则问题。我认为幼儿科技活动的惟一目的是培养儿童的综合性可能偏重智力性基础素质。近年来对幼儿科技教育活动的一些争论及科技教育实验中出现的问题，往往要害就在于此。所谓“小幼衔接”的问题，关键在于理解“衔接”的内涵，即衔接什么，我认为应该理解为“基础素质”的衔接，而非“基础知识”的衔接，否则难免使幼儿科技教育变成小学常识课。多年来“小幼衔接”问题解决得不理想，原因就在于此。其实解决了学前儿童…     

Advanced distance education technology and hands-on science

Distance education technology can be used to increase the teaching of science in schools. However, the use of the technology must be carefully monitored. This paper describes the general use of 2-way video/2-way audio technology to link three remote sites and a studio. To evaluate the instructiors' and participants' use of this technology, video recordings ofall 11 (2-hour) broadcasts were reviewed. In general, the instructors were able to conduct a semester long hands-on science course, however, there were many science teaching techniques that had to be altered for this technology. When this technology is used for hands-on science, the hardware itself must be improved so that continuous interaction can take place between the studio and all remote sites. Science topics and activities may prove to be one of thebest fields to present with the technology, because of the practical lab based nature of science. Hands-on science activities seem to lessen the feeling of distance between remote sites and the studio.     

Recent trends in secondary science education in New Jersey

This article compares the results of two surveys sent to New Jersey science supervisors in 1978 and 1982 regarding the status of secondary science education in their schools. It discusses trends that have developed during the four-year period and compares them to national trends revealed in recent studies. The comparison shows that New Jersey faces many of the same problems in science education found across the country. Instruction time in science, double laboratory periods, and the use of national curriculum studies have all declined. Respondents also reported a marked increase in the number of science teachers leaving the classroom for jobs in business and industry. The recruiting of qualified teachers was a difficult task and over 9% of the public schools reported having to use teachers with emergency certification in science to meet their staffing requirements. Difficulties in using staff effectively, in obtaining adequate financial support, and in providing professional development programs were the major concerns of science supervisors.     

Toward solidarity as the ground for changing science education

In science education, reform frequently is conceived and implemented in a top-down fashion, whether teachers are required to engage in change by their principals or superintendents (through high-stakes testing and accountability measures) or by researchers, who inform teachers about alternatives they ought to implement. In this position paper on science education policy, I draw on first philosophy to argue for a different approach to reform, one that involves all stakeholders—teachers, interns, school and university supervisors, and, above all, students—who participate in efforts to understand and change their everyday praxis of teaching and learning. Once all stakeholders experience control over the shaping and changing of classroom learning (i.e., experience agency), they may recognize that they really are in it together, that is, they experience a sense of solidarity. Drawing on ethnographic vignettes, science teaching examples, and philosophical concepts, I outline how more democratic approaches to reform can be enabled.