关于师生互动类型划分的研究

按照不同的划分标准,可将师生互动关系划分为不同的类型。国内外的研究者按照师生互动中的主体地位、师生行为、师生之间的不同情感以及教师的行为作风、师生行为的对象、行为属性和师生互动方式等划分标准将师生互动类型划分为教师中心式、学生中心式和知识中心式;教师命令式、民主协商式和师生互不干涉式;师个互动、师组互动和师班互动;等等。而以师生互动中权威的主导地位为划分标准,可以将师生互动划分为师权型师生互动、生权型师生互动和平等型师生互动。     

A micro-perspective on students’ behavioral engagement in the context of teachers’ instructional support during seatwork: Sources of variability and the role of teacher adaptive support

Despite increased acknowledgement of the significance of situational factors to engagement, engagement is traditionally seen as a student characteristic. In this study, we investigated to what extent variation in observational measures of behavioral student engagement during seatwork is due to students versus teachers, teacher-student dyads, or situational (i.e., variation in time) effects. Additionally, we studied whether adaptive support during teacher-student interactions contributes to student engagement following that interaction. A cross-classified multilevel analysis of 324 video- and audio-recorded secondary school teacher-student interactions showed that situational factors and error were the strongest source of variability in student engagement. Other than expected, teacher-related and dyad-related variability were limited. Although behavioral engagement after teacher-student interaction was significantly higher than pre-interaction student engagement, higher post-interaction levels were not related to the level of adaptive support provided during the teacher-student interaction. These findings imply that situational factors deserve more attention in engagement research, for example by investigating what situational factors contribute to engagement. For teachers, the time-variant, situation-dependent nature of engagement opens up valuable opportunities to actively design optimal learning situations.     

Teachers,loosen up! How teachers can trigger interpersonally cooperative behavior in students at risk of academic failure

Student cooperativeness underlies high quality teacher-student relationships, and has been positively associated with students' school engagement. Fostering cooperative rather than oppositional student behavior might be especially helpful for protecting at-risk students against academic failure. To understand how exactly students' cooperativeness can be fostered, we investigated the interpersonal behaviors of secondary school teachers and at-risk students during dyadic interactions (N = 82 dyads) in the context of positive teacher-student relationships. Using Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics, moment-to-moment teacher and student behavior was captured in terms of interpersonal agency (dominance vs. submissiveness) and communion (opposition vs. cooperation). Time-series analyses were used to analyze interpersonal behavior within individuals, within dyads, and between dyads. Cooperative student behavior was most likely if teachers acted friendly and cooperatively and if teachers ‘loosened up’ their agency and the structure they imposed on the interaction repeatedly, which may give students more freedom to express themselves and to cooperate.     

Teacher sensitivity in interaction with individual students: the role of teachers’ daily negative emotions

ABSTRACT

Research stresses the importance of teacher sensitivity for the development of special needs students, including students with attachment problems. However, little is known about the antecedents of teacher sensitivity. This study investigated associations between teachers’ daily negative emotions and teacher sensitivity towards individual students. Data were collected from 71 teacher-student dyads in special education primary schools and included students with mild to severe attachment problems (6 to 10 years old). Teachers reported their daily negative activating (e.g. anger) and deactivating (e.g. sadness) emotions in relation to individual students during a three-week period. Teacher sensitivity was observed in interaction with the target student in a cognitively challenging and an emotionally challenging task. Teachers’ higher but decreasing negative activating emotions were associated with higher levels of observed teacher sensitivity in the cognitively challenging task. In addition, heightened levels of negative deactivating emotions were associated with lower levels of observed teacher sensitivity but only in the emotionally challenging task.     

Occupational Expectations of Twelfth Grade Michigan Boys

Teacher ratings of students’ potential achievement, classroom behavior, and personal characteristics, and teacher-student dyadic interaction measures were obtained to examine the nature of teacher perceptions and interaction with black and white, male and female students in integrated classrooms. Two-way (race X sex) multivariate analysis of variance of the ratings and interaction data yielded significant differences in teacher perceptions of their students according to race, with whites being rated more favorably than blacks. There were no significant sex effects or differences in teacher-student interaction. Examination of the relationship between student behavior and teacher ratings revealed differences between black and white students, suggesting that the teacher differentially interpreted the same student behavior depending on the students’ race.     

Relationship between Cognitive Style and Teachers’ Perceptions of Young Children’s Academic Competence

The study investigated the significance of matching cognitive style of first- and third-grade students to their teachers. The Articulation of the Body-Concept Scale was administered as a measure of cognitive style to 20 first- and 20 third-grade female teachers and a sample (480) of six boys and six girls for each teacher. Teachers ranked their students according to their judgment of the students’ academic competence. Discrepancy scores were obtained based on the degree to which teachers differed in ranking their students in comparison to rankings on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated statistically significant main effects for grade level and a statistically significant interaction among the cognitive styles of teachers in ranking their matched and mismatched students according to sex in relation to the students’ academic achievement scores.     

网络教育中师生情感交互的缺失与构建

随着网络教育的开展,网络环境下师生之间如何进行情感交互日渐为人们所关注。网络教育中师生情感交互缺失,主要表现在认知目标与情感目标严重失衡、教学模式单一,缺乏师生之间的互动反馈、教师的角色与职能被弱化或替代等。在网络教育中,构建师生情感交互平台的策略,一是基于BBS论坛的情感交互策略;二是基于"任务驱动"的情感交互策略;三是基于协作学习的情感交互策略;四是基于多元评价的情感交互策略。     

Students’ Preference for Field Dependence‐Independence Teacher Characteristics

The study explored whether FI students would rank certain FI teachers’ characteristics as more important for success than would FD students. Similarly, it was examined whether FD students would rank certain FD teacher characteristics as more important for successful teaching than would FI students. The subjects consisted of 50 female teachers (25 FD and 25 FI) and their 844 5‐year‐old classroom children (422 females and 422 males) attending an all day early childhood program. The teachers and children were administered the appropriate form of the Embedded Figures Test to characterise them as more FD or FI. Students rated FDI teacher characteristics. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for the students’ preference for the FDI teacher characteristics was found to be significant by the Wilks’ Lambda Critierion. Significant univariate F ratios are discussed. Significant interactions were found for: (1) the teachers’ cognitive style and sex (p<0.01); (2) the teachers’ cognitive style, sex, and the FDI teacher characteristics (p<0.001); (3) the teachers’ cognitive style and the FDI teacher characteristics (p<0.001).     

课堂互动的影响因素及教学启示

课堂互动是课堂教学中最基本、最主要的人际互动,是在课堂教学情景中,教师和学生之间、学生和学生之间发生的具有促进性或抑制性的相互作用、相互影响,进而达到师生心理或行为的改变。深入了解课堂互动的影响因素,有助于教师创设平等的互动环境、提高课堂互动质量、促进学生的全面发展。     

Elementary Teachers' Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices

Abstract

The authors investigated the assessment and grading practices of over 900 Grades 3-5 teachers representing urban, suburban, and rural schools. Teachers indicated the extent to which they used various factors to grade students, the types of assessments used, the cognitive level of assessments, and the grades awarded. Teachers appeared to conceptualize 6 major factors when they graded students; they placed the greatest weight on academic performance and academic-enabling behaviors, such as effort and improvement, and much less emphasis on homework, comparisons with other students, grade distributions of other teachers, and borderline cases. The teachers used 3 types of assessments—constructed-response, objective, and teacher-made major examinations; they differentiated between recall and higher level cognitive skills. However, there were few relationships between assessment and grade level, subject matter assessed, and grades awarded. Results are discussed in light of other research, indicating that teachers use a “hodgepodge” of factors when assessing and grading students.     

基于OLS模型的中学师生关系影响因素分析

通过对我国中、东部地区4省12所中学1865名学生的问卷调查获得第一手资料,建立OLS模型,主要从教师情绪、学生表现和家庭情况这三个维度分析当前影响师生关系的诸多因素,并对农村与城区学校师生关系影响因素进行比较分析,研究发现:我国中学师生关系总体表现良好,老师发脾气会对师生关系有一定负面影响;学生干部更擅长处理与老师的关系,在乎学业成绩的学生比不在乎学业成绩的学生具有更好的师生关系;与漠不关心型家庭的学生相比,民主和专制家庭的学生与老师关系更融洽;与父母一起生活的学生师生关系更和谐等。最后,从“教师有效管理情绪劳动”“不断提升信任力”“学生培养可信赖品质”“家长当好师生信任的‘中间人’”“学校和社会更加关爱留守儿童”等方面提出建议。     

Cognitive Development and Comprehension of Physics Concepts

Summaries

English

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the cognitive development of llth‐grade science students in Jordan; and (2) to investigate the relationship between cognitive development of science students and their comprehension of concrete and formal physics concepts.

The sample of this study consisted of 389 secondary science students (209 males and 180 females) of the school year 1979‐1980. Cognitive development of the students was measured by an Arabic version of the Longeot Test. Comprehension of physics concepts was assessed by an achievement test constructed by the researchers and validated by teachers of physics and the science supervisor in the Irbid district of Jordan.

The study did not reveal any significant difference between males and females in cognitive development. Moreover, it revealed that only 17% of the students were formal thinkers, whereas 52% were concrete thinkers.

The 2×3 ANOVA revealed that cognitive level was a highly significant factor in the comprehension of both concrete and formal concepts. It also revealed that while sex was not a significant factor in the comprehension of concrete concepts, it was a significant factor in the comprehension of formal concepts. The interaction between sex and cognitive level was not significant in the comprehension of both types of concepts.     

Misconceptions on geometric optics and their association with relevant educational variables

The topic of geometrical optics was chosen to diagnose the preconceptions of 44 trainee teachers in this subject area. The scores obtained from a pretest were examined with respect to several variables describing cognitive, academic and social factors. The results suggest that both students’ level of cognitive development and their pre‐knowledge should be taken into account in developing an integrating paradigm for science teaching. Cognitive style appears as a further variable to be considered in this.     

Teacher Roles of Questioning in Early Elementary Science Classrooms: A Framework Promoting Student Cognitive Complexities in Argumentation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the various roles that early elementary teachers adopt when questioning, to scaffold dialogic interaction and students’ cognitive responses for argumentative practices over time. Teacher questioning is a pivotal contributing factor that shapes the role teachers play in promoting dialogic interaction in argumentative practice and that different roles serve different functions for promoting students’ conceptual understanding. The multiple-case study was designed as a follow-up study after a 4-year professional development program that emphasized an argument-based inquiry approach. Data sources included 30 lessons focusing on whole class discussion from three early elementary teachers’ classes. Data were analyzed through two approaches: (1) constant comparative method and (2) enumerative approach. This study conceptualized four critical roles of teacher questioning—dispenser, moderator, coach, and participant—in light of the ownership of ideas and activities. The findings revealed two salient changes in teachers’ use of questions and the relationships between teachers’ question-asking and students’ cognitive responses: (1) teachers increasingly used multiple roles in establishing argumentative discourse as they persistently implemented an argument-based inquiry approach, and (2) as teachers used multiple roles in establishing patterns of questioning and framing classroom interactions, higher levels of student cognitive responses were promoted. This study suggests that an essential component of teacher professional development should include the study of the various roles that teachers can play when questioning for establishing dialogic interaction in argumentation and that this development should consist of ongoing training with systematic support.     

STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD MATHEMATICS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO LEARNING IN REQUIRED MATHEMATICS COURSES IN SELECTED POSTSECONDARY INSTITUTIONS

Abstract

This study was conducted to gain information pertaining to one of the most critical problems in individualization or personalization of instruction—an instrument that accurately assesses individual differences in community college students in terms that can be of value in the classroom. The subjects in this study, nursing students at Delta College in University City, Michigan, were tested with a cognitive style diagnostic battery developed by Oakland Community College and an observational minibattery developed by this researcher (selected elements of cognitive style). The results of these tests were checked in classroom situations.     

A Statistical Prediction of High-School Success for Purpose of Educational Guidance

ABSTRACT

In the learning environment, teacher–student interaction plays a major role in influencing the cognitive and affective development of students. Teacher–student interaction is also an important parameter of educational quality. Teachers’ and students’ preferences of teacher interpersonal behavior are linked to their individual characteristics and styles. The author examined students’ and teachers’ thinking styles and their preferences for teacher–student interpersonal behaviors. A total of 325 students and 146 teachers from 2 secondary schools were involved in this study. The results show that there were divergences between students’ and teachers’ thinking styles and their preferences of teacher interpersonal behavior. Convergences between students and teachers were also found, as both had preferences for cooperative teacher interpersonal behavior.     

Research in Secondary School Methods

Abstract

An in-service program of cognitive verbal awareness training focusing on careful development of a rationale for change and an introduction to a verbal analysis tool (ICOI), was used to determine if student teachers of social studies could develop verbal patterns in their classrooms which would encourage the growth of intellectual abilities and skills in students beyond the cognitive-memory level of operation. It was determined that the experimental group’s (N=12) operational gain was significant at the .01 level, while half of the control group (N=12) actually became more concerned with a search for ’Tactual knowledge." In addition, it was noted that student teachers in both groups persisted in the use of a particular performance style even when they succeeded in changing their level of cognitive operation.     

教师在重塑大学和谐师生关系中的作用

师生关系是决定教育系统生命力的最重要因素之一,是大学教育中最基本的人际关系。目前,大学师生关系存在着许多不容忽视的问题,如师生关系淡漠化、表面化,功利化。后现代主义教育家对现代社会教师的作用和师生关系进行了精辟的论述。他们关于师生关系的新理念对我国大学师生关系的重塑提供了有益的借鉴和启发。教师,作为大学教育的中坚力量,应该积极转变自身的角色,改变课堂活动模式,使用多种方法通过课堂教学重塑和谐的大学师生关系。     

Does school context moderate longitudinal relations between teacher-reported self-efficacy and value for student engagement and teacher-student relationships from early until midcareer?

Teachers’ self-efficacy and value represent two central components of their motivation. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge regarding the relevance of value for teaching quality and student outcomes, as well as the extent to which interrelations depend on contextual resources and demands. Engaging students in their learning is an essential aspect of teachers’ work which should promote warm and positive relationships between them and their students. Not only teachers’ self-efficacy for student engagement, but also the value they attach to being able to engage students, should be important for teacher-student relationship quality. Using longitudinal structural equation models, we analyzed relations between self-efficacy and value for student engagement, reported teacher-student relationships, and the potential moderating roles of perceived excessive work demands and the resource of school belonging. Data from 395 Australian teachers in primary and secondary schools encompassed 3 timepoints from the end of teacher education, during teachers’ early career (average 3 years teaching), and midcareer (average 10 years teaching). Informed by social cognitive, expectancy-value and job demands-resources theories, key findings revealed that teachers’ reported relationships with their students at midcareer were predicted only at low levels of perceived excessive demands, by early career self-efficacy and early career value in interaction with self-efficacy. At midcareer, value associated with teacher-reported relationships with students only at low levels of excessive demands, and school belonging. Conversely, perceived teacher-student relationship in early career predicted teachers’ value for student engagement at midcareer. Implications for theory, teacher education and teachers’ professional practice are discussed.     

课堂教学师生互动行为分析与模型构建——对一节数学课课堂组织、师生言语、课堂活动的分析

课堂教学师生互动行为是一个复杂的动态结构体,包括教师行为与学生行为.课堂组织形式、课堂师生言语行为、课堂活动是课堂教学师生互动行为的三个主要方面,占据课堂教学的大部分时间,分析并建立课堂教学师生互动行为分析模型,对一节数学课的课堂教学师生互动行为进行分析.