《初中生人格量表》的常模制定——基于大连市6449名初中生的研究

人格是个体在思想、情感和行为上表现出来的稳定模式,作为决定人的典型行为方式的心理系统或动力结构,人格会直接影响到个体在环境变化及其适应过程中的态度、信念、情绪和行为。青少年期是人格发展的重要阶段,开发精确测量青少年人格特点的测量工具对于培养青少年健全人格有重要意义。本研究在质化研究的基础上,构建了初中生人格结构,并以此为框架编制问卷,经过量化研究得到了有较好信、效度的《初中生人格量表》。通过分层随机抽样,在大连市七个区每区选择两所代表性学校,每个学校三个年级(初一、初二、初三)各选取四个班的全体学生。最终样本被试总数为6 449名。研究发现,《初中生人格量表》具有较好的信度和效度。     

Social media and students’ behavioral intentions to enroll in postgraduate studies in Kenya: a moderated mediation model of brand personality and attitude

ABSTRACT

Using cross-sectional data from 504 students from four Kenyan universities, this study evaluates the indirect effect of brand personality on the relationship between social media and students’ behavioral intentions to enroll in postgraduate studies. Additionally, the study examines the moderating effect of attitude on the relationship between social media and brand personality, social media and students’ behavioral intentions, brand personality and students’ behavioral intentions. Finally, it investigates the moderating effect of attitude on the indirect process of brand personality on the relationship between social media and students’ behavioral intentions. The study is guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, Technology Acceptance Model and Self Congruity Theory. Process Macro is used to analyze data. Results indicate that social media significantly predicts students’ behavioral intentions and this relationship is partially mediated by brand personality. Besides, attitude moderates the relationship between social media and students’ behavioral intentions and also the relationship between brand personality and students’ behavioral intentions. Finally, attitude has a conditional effect on the indirect relationship between social media and student’s behavioral intentions via brand personality and this effect is much stronger with a higher level of attitude. These findings contribute new knowledge to literature and theory.     

Teacher management behaviors and pupil task involvement during small group laboratory activities

A major concern of many beginning and experienced teachers is that of classroom management and control. This article describes recent research into defining classroom management procedures that are used by high school science teachers and their relationship to pupil ontaskness. The classroom is conceptualized as a manipulable behavioral system. This construct arises directly from Barker's (1968) ecological psychology, the classroom and its occupants being conceptualized as a behavior setting. The behaviors of the teacher and the pupils are an integral part of the unit (behavior setting), which in turn coerces certain behaviors from its participants. Thus settings, and, in particular, subsettings, are seen as more important determiners of social behavior than the personality of individual teacher or pupil. The methodology employed in this research has involved the extensive use of video in naturalistic science classrooms. Tapes of both teacher and pupil behaviors were continuously and independently recorded. Intensive analysis using electronic recording instruments interfaced with the computer has allowed the collection and sophisticated analysis of the observational data. Data relating to teacher management behavior in small group settings have been analyzed and the relationships to pupil task involvement have been explored.     

试析孔子道德人格学说的主要范畴

道德人格主要范畴是指人的道德行为规范准则的主要内容.孔子道德人格主要范畴可概括为知、信、忠、孝与弟(悌).     

The genetic and environmental covariation among psychopathic personality traits, and reactive and proactive aggression in childhood

The present study investigated the genetic and environmental covariance between psychopathic personality traits with reactive and proactive aggression in 9- to 10-year-old twins (N = 1,219). Psychopathic personality traits were assessed with the Child Psychopathy Scale (D. R. Lynam, 1997), while aggressive behaviors were assessed using the Reactive Proactive Questionnaire (A. Raine et al., 2006). Significant common genetic influences were found to be shared by psychopathic personality traits and aggressive behaviors using both caregiver (mainly mother) and child self-reports. Significant genetic and nonshared environmental influences specific to psychopathic personality traits and reactive and proactive aggression were also found, suggesting etiological independence among these phenotypes. Additionally, the genetic relation between psychopathic personality traits and aggression was significantly stronger for proactive than reactive aggression when using child self-reports.     

An Approach to Counselor Education

A training approach emphasizing the specifics of selection and intentionally structured practice experiences is described. The program is as applicable to nonprofessional as to professional training programs. It is proposed that nonprofessionals can be better selected and equally trained. Research is reviewed giving specific selection criteria on personality measures and on initial levels of interpersonal skills as measured from tape recordings of trial group counseling interviews. A specific integrated didactic (feedback) and experiential training approach is described.     

Measuring the components of parents' potential for child abuse and neglect

The purpose of the study was to develop a battery of tests with which to identify parents who have potential for abuse and/or neglect of children. The samples were composed of abusive men and women parents or parent figures matched with controls.The variables, parents' background, personality, child rearing attitudes, social networks and parent-child interactions, were tested by interview questionnaire, videotaped behavioral observation, and physiologic response.Both bivariate and multivariate data analysis were utilized including zero order correlations, factor analysis, path analysis, and discriminant analysis.The tests sharpley differentiated between groups on background, empathy, antecedents to early attachment, ways of handling irritating child behaviors, child rearing attitudes, parent-child communication, reference persons, and physiologic response. Abusive parents maintained higher heart rates, had less heart rate variability, higher electrodermal magnitude response and lower recovery times.     

Children's emotions and behaviors in response to infants' cries

Infant crying can elicit in others both a range of emotions and contrasting behavioral reactions, such as altruistic caregiving versus aggression. Variations in reactions to young infants' cries were examined in 60 children ranging in age from late preschool to preadolescence. Each child over-heard either a preterm or a full-term tape-recorded cry from an adjacent room. Then a mother, carrying her infant, came looking for her (previously) "crying" infant's bottle. Later each child was interviewed after hearing a tape recording of a preterm and a full-term cry. Children's emotions and behaviors thus were assessed in response to simulated, real distresses and hypothetical representations of distress. Children's self-reports of empathy, their verbalized intentions to help, their actual helping responses, and observers' ratings of negative emotion were common responses to cries at all ages. In addition there were significant increases with age in prosocial, behavioral interventions. Expressions of negative emotion were inversely related to subsequent forms of prosocial behavior that required direct interaction with the infant. The emotions and behaviors of most children were not influenced by whether they heard preterm or full-term cries. They were, however, able to discriminate between such cries and some articulated "theories" about the impact of the cries on the listener.     

The Reciprocal Links Between School Engagement,Youth Problem Behaviors,and School Dropout During Adolescence

Drawing on the self‐system model, this study conceptualized school engagement as a multidimensional construct, including behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement, and examined whether changes in the three types of school engagement related to changes in problem behaviors from 7th through 11th grades (approximately ages 12–17). In addition, a transactional model of reciprocal relations between school engagement and problem behaviors was tested to predict school dropout. Data were collected on 1,272 youth from an ethnically and economically diverse county (58% African American, 36% European American; 51% females). Results indicated that adolescents who had declines in behavioral and emotional engagement with school tended to have increased delinquency and substance use over time. There were bidirectional associations between behavioral and emotional engagement in school and youth problem behaviors over time. Finally, lower behavioral and emotional engagement and greater problem behaviors predicted greater likelihood of dropping out of school.     

基于行为计量学的《水浒传》36天罡星性格特征解译

以《水浒传》中塑造人物的实际文本为出发点,通过建立人物性格评价体系,运用因子分析对天罡星的性格特征进行共性概括和类型划分,归结出36天罡星豪杰气概、好汉气性、猛将气势的总群体特征及分出5个性格特征比较明晰的大类,并从时代审美情趣的角度对天罡星性格共性的成因进行探讨。     

西方父母控制研究的新特点

近十年来,研究者们把父母控制划分为心理控制和行为控制两方面,心理控制是强加在儿童心理和情绪发展过程中的控制意图,行为控制是父母为儿童行为制定的规则、限制以及对其活动的觉察。有研究表明,心理控制与青少年的外显和内隐问题有关,行为控制与青少年的外显问题有关;青少年认为,父母对个人领域的控制是心理控制;父母过量使用心理控制会阻碍青少年自主的发展;父母的完美主义能够预测心理控制。进一步的研究将呈现实证研究增多、范围扩大和对父母人格特点研究等新的特点。     

Preschool screening for behavior problems

The purpose of the study was to establish developmental norms for maternal-rated problem behaviors within a disadvantaged group of preschool children. The sample included 406 children between two and five years of age from lower socioeconomic families. Mothers completed the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC) reporting the frequency of conduct (acting-out) and personality (inhibition) problems. The analyses investigated differences for males and females among four age groups for frequency of behavior problems. No significant age differences were found for either sex on the acting-out or inhibition dimensions of the BPC. The results revealed that the frequency of behavior problems becomes apparent at an early age and remains consistent throughout the preschool years. The consistency across age levels of these maternal-reported behavioral difficulties suggests that early screening with BPC is a viable procedure. The data are discussed in terms of their utility in assisting the school psychologist to select appropriate intervention strategies for the preschool child.     

先进文化境遇下忠烈人格的现代性重铸

先进文化必然是现代性文化,文化的现代性本质上是人的现代性,人的现代性的核心是人格的现代性。忠烈人格的强谏与死战、事功与敬业、报恩、爱国等行为方式体现了许多优秀的心理素质,如坚强、果断、勇敢、不屈不挠、兢兢业业、忧国忧民等,在人格的现代性重铸中具有重大而深远的现实意义。     

Influence of Type D personality on quality of life in university students: The mediating effect of health-promoting behavior and subjective health status

This study aimed to test a hypothetical path model estimating the influence of Type D personality on health-promoting behaviors (HPB), subjective health status, and quality of life (QoL) in university students, and to verify the mediating effects of HPB and subjective health status between Type D personality and QoL. A structural equation model involving 380 university students was used. Data were collected between November and December 2018 via structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and Amos 23.0. The model's fit indices were adequate. Type D personality had a direct effect on QoL and an indirect effect on QoL via HPB and subjective health status. Type D personality, HPB, and subjective health status explained 67.6% of the total variance in QoL. Intervention programs that consider Type D personality, HPB, and subjective health status may be useful to improve university students' QoL.     

关于学校弱势儿童的若干基本问题初探

学校弱势儿童是指在学校教育领域中,所拥有的教育资源相对匮乏,学校生活质量相对低劣,人格或身心结构存在一定问题或缺陷,处于发展的不利境地的在校儿童。构成其现实地位的各种弱势因素表现为原因源、权重性和置换率等三个分析维度。应该对学校弱势儿童进行概念整合和类别分析,研制简便可靠的评定测量手段,进一步研究其人格发展特征及其与教育内外环境的关系,寻求教育力量逆转其发展的途径与方法。     

Temperamental Qualities at Age Three Predict Personality Traits in Young Adulthood: Longitudinal Evidence from a Birth Cohort

In an unselected sample of over 800 subjects we studied whether behavioral styles at age 3 are linked to personality traits at age 18. We identified 5 temperament groups (labeled Undercontrolled, Inhibited, Confident, Reserved, and Well-adjusted) based on behavioral ratings made by examiners when the children were 3. These groups were reassessed at 18, and their personality styles were measured with the self-report Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Results pointed to continuities across time. As young adults, Undercontrolled children scored high on measures of impulsivity, danger seeking, aggression, and interpersonal alienation; Inhibited children scored low on measures of impulsivity, danger seeking, aggression, and social potency; Confident children scored high on impulsivity; Reserved children scored low on social potency; and Well-adjusted children continued to exhibit normative behaviors.     

Behavioral Inhibition and Stress Reactivity: The Moderating Role of Attachment Security

The role of the mother-toddler attachment relationship in moderating the relations between behavioral inhibition and changes in salivary cortisol levels in response to novel events was examined in 77 18-month-olds. Behavioral inhibition was determined by observing toddler inhibition of approach to several novel events. Attachment security to mother was assessed using the Ainsworth Strange Situation. Changes in salivary cortisol were used to index activity of the stress-sensitive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. In addition, toddler coping behaviors and the behaviors used by mothers to help toddlers manage novel events were examined. Elevations in cortisol were found only for inhibited toddlers in insecure attachment relationships. Mothers in these relationships appeared to interfere with their toddlers' coping efforts. These results are discussed in the context of a coping model of the relations between temperament and stress reactivity.     

The multiplier effect: A strategy for the continuing education of school psychologists

Twenty-two school psychologists participated in a year long institute designed to test the use of a multiplier effect in the continuing professional development of school psychologists in Michigan. Participants, representing 12 geographic regions, attended six days of in-service meetings on the topics of behavior modification strategies, models of continuing education, affective education, life-space interviewing and consultation strategies. Participants were then responsible for conducting two, one-day workshops in their regions on topics discussed in the institute. The impact of the intervention model was evaluated using personal interviews, questionnaires and tape recordings. Results indicated that 550 school psychologists attended two in-service meetings with generally favorable reactions. Specific evaluative data, conclusions and suggestions for modification of future models are presented.     

An Investigation of University Students’ Collaborative Inquiry Learning Behaviors in an Augmented Reality Simulation and a Traditional Simulation

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare students’ collaborative inquiry learning behaviors and their behavior patterns in an augmented reality (AR) simulation system and a traditional 2D simulation system. Their inquiry and discussion processes were analyzed by content analysis and lag sequential analysis (LSA). Forty university students were divided into dyads and then randomly assigned into AR group and traditional 2D group to collaboratively conduct an inquiry task about elastic collision. The results of the content analysis and LSA indicated that both systems supported students’ collaborative inquiry learning. Particularly, students showed high frequencies on higher-level inquiry behaviors, such as interpreting experimental data or making conclusions, when using these two simulations. By comparing the behavioral patterns, similarities and differences between the two groups were revealed. The AR simulation engaged the students more thoroughly in the inquiry process. Moreover, students in both groups adopted the same approaches to design experiments. Due to the line of AR research is in its initial stage, suggestions for future studies were proposed.     

一种新的大容量存储磁带库控制程序

磁带库作为一种经济、可靠、容量大、速度快的备份设备,被广泛地应用于大容量顺序存取领域．正是基于软件开发的角度,通过对当前磁带机的主流SCSI接口、磁带机、磁带库控制协议的介绍,最终实现一套完整的、全面的磁带库控制程序．