Global Freedom of Expression Within Nontextual Frameworks

The increasing use of frameworks within which Internet users can contribute nontextual information constitutes a serious obstacle to government attempts to accurately censor and monitor Internet traffic. This development, as seen in the explosive growth of frameworks such as Second Life, YouTube, and Wikipedia, could lead to a transfer of regulatory power away from heavily regulated Internet Service Providers in nondemocratic regimes, into the hands of intermediaries that are more likely to uphold freedom of expression. Thereby, a development toward increasingly enframed and nontextual information can promote freedom of expression even in traditionally nondemocratic regimes. I analyze this development with regard to its possible implications for freedom of expression, online crime, and the role of private companies in international politics.     

Research tool patents and free-libre biotechnology: A suggested unified framework

This paper proposes a unified conceptual framework to analyze the multiple role and consequences of patents in the case of biotechnology research tools. We argue that the knowledge/information and independent/complementary nature of research tools define heterogeneous frameworks in which the patent system plays different roles. In particular, using the analogy with the free-libre open source movement in software, we show that patents can promote open innovation by ensuring the freedom of some pieces of knowledge. A strong conclusion of the paper is therefore that, against common belief, an adequate use of the patent system may contribute to preserving freedom of access to upstream research tools within a framework that we call free-libre biotechnology.     

跨语言信息检索初探

随着互联网的发展，网络成为人们获取信息的重要来源，但是语言的藩篱却限制了人们获取信息的自由。跨语言信息检索应运而生。本文将从理论和实践两方面对跨语言信息检索进行论述：理论方面分析了实现跨语言信息检索的方法和策略；实践方面则以Mulinex系统和Google搜索引擎为例，介绍了跨语言信息检索在实际中的应用。     

New Media/Internet Research Topics of the Association of Internet Researchers

This study summarizes prior reviews of new media and Internet research, and the growth of the term Internet in academic publications and online newsgroups. It then uses semantic network analysis to summarize the interests and concepts of an interdisciplinary group of Internet researchers, as represented by session titles and paper titles and abstracts from the 2003 and 2004 Association of Internet Researchers conferences. In both years, the most frequent words appearing in the paper abstracts included Internet, online, community, social, technology, and research. The 2003 papers emphasized topics such as the social analysis/research of online/Internet communication, community, and information, with particular coverage of access, individuals, groups, digital media, culture; role and process in e-organizations; and world development. The 2004 papers emphasized topics such as access; news and social issues; the role of individuals in communities; user-based studies; usage data; and blogs, women, and search policy, among others.     

The Internet, Spatial Data Globalization, and Data Use: The Case of Tibet

One of the fastest growing forms of downloadable Internet-based data involves digital map layers that contain spatial features suitable for analysis with a geographic information system (GIS). The availability of networked spatial data has fostered tremendous growth in the importance and use of location-based services, and it is now commonplace to find a wide variety of map-based applications and data sets on the Internet for unrestricted download. Despite the rapid growth in spatial data resources, there has been scant attention paid to their currentness, lineage, locational accuracy, completeness, and overall usefulness. This article discusses the quality of Internet spatial data by taking an extreme case to evaluate both the availability and the usefulness of spatial data posted on publicly accessible Web sites. The case study examined is Tibet, which is selected purposively because it lies at or beyond the fringes of the network society. The issue examined concerns the rehabilitation potential of locatable Buddhist monasteries. In undertaking this assessment, the efficacy of the current Internet as a source of useful spatial data is brought into question.     

A Look into the Future Impact of ICT on Our Lives

This paper may be read as a sequel to a 1995 paper, published in this journal, in which I predicted what sort of transformations and problems were likely to affect the development of the Internet and our system of organized knowledge in the medium term. In this second attempt, I look at the future developments of information and communication technologies and try to estimate what their impact on our lives will be. The forecast is that, in information societies, the threshold between online and offline will soon disappear, and that once there is no difference, we shall become not cyborgs but rather inforgs, that is, connected informational organisms.     

The capability approach and the ‘medium of choice’: steps towards conceptualising information and communication technologies for development

Amartya Sen’s capability approach has become increasingly popular in development studies. This paper identifies controllability and operationalisability as two key stumbling blocks which prevent the capability approach from being used even more widely in development practice. It discusses the origins and application of the Choice Framework, a conceptual tool designed to help operationalise the approach. The framework can be used to deconstruct embedded ideologies and analyse the appropriateness of development goals, to map development as a systemic process, and to plan interventions which can result in increased freedom of choice for people. Three examples of the application of the Choice Framework in the field of information and communication for development (ICT4D) are given. The three technologies which are examined, telecentres (Infocentros), Chilecompra and Fair Tracing, can be placed at different places of a determinism continuum, some reducing the spectrum of choices a user has. The paper argues that while frameworks such as the Choice Framework can be developed further to increase the operationalisability of the capability approach, it is up to development funders to accept the fact that people’s choices are never fully predictable and thus Sen’s ‘development as freedom’ will inevitably be a dynamic and open-ended process.     

互联网知识共享平台信息过载效应与弱化机制——基于知乎的案例研究

【目的/意义】信息过载效应成为了制约互联网知识共享平台发展的一大阻碍,本研究致力于探索弱化信息 过载的有效机制。【方法/过程】采用单案例纵向研究方法,选取知乎这一知识共享平台为研究对象,并基于其社区 阶段和平台阶段的动态演变加以研究。【结果/结论】研究发现了互联网知识共享平台弱化信息过载效应的系统机 制--高质信息“生成-选择-传播”机制,并基于知乎发展的不同阶段,发现了上述机制的动态演变性,丰富了信息 过载弱化机制的系统视角,推进了知识共享相关研究在互联网情境下的发展,为互联网知识共享平台提供了切实 可行的管理启示。     

What is so bad about Internet content regulation?

Legislation was recently introduced into theAustralian parliament to regulate the Internet. Thiscreated a storm of protest from within the computerindustry, where arguments against the legislationranged from those based on technical difficulties tothose based on moral considerations, particularly offreedom of speech and freedom to access information.This paper is primarily concerned with the moralaspects of Internet regulation, but within theparameters of current technology. It will argue thatsuch regulation can be justified, despite the factthat given the current technology there will bedifficulties with enforcement, and reduction inInternet performance.     

At the foundations of information justice

Is there such a thing as information justice? In this paper, I argue that the current state of the information economy, particularly as it regards information and computing technology (ICT), is unjust, conferring power disproportionately on the information-wealthy at great expense to the information-poor. As ICT becomes the primary method for accessing and manipulating information, it ought to be treated as a foundational layer of the information economy. I argue that by maximizing the liberties (freedom to use, freedom to distribute, freedom to modify, and so on) associated with certain computer software, an incentives-rich and stable environment can be established in ICT that will foster development of the information economy among the information poor. I suggest that the now-mature Free and Open Source Software paradigm, which has already produced widely-used enterprise-class applications, can be harnessed in support of these ends.     

工业互联网与能源互联网的对比研究与融合发展探析

首先，阐述了“工业互联网”和“能源互联网”的概念，简要说明了工业互联网和能源互联网的起源、内涵、关键技术等。然后，对工业互联网和能源互联网的研究现状和发展情况进行综述，对比分析了国内外工业互联网和能源互联网的发展水平。进一步，深刻总结工业互联网和能源互联网的体系框架，指出工业互联网和能源互联网的核心索引分别是工业大数据和能源大数据。基于此，对工业互联网和能源互联网的核心技术进行详细的对比分析，除了共同关注的通信、控制、数据分析等技术，工业互联网发展需要工业软件的支持，而能源互联网则需要攻克先进储能、智能输电等技术。最后，从工业互联网多层次、多元化发展，新技术驱动能源互联网高质量发展和工业互联网与能源互联网深度融合发展三方面讨论工业互联网和能源互联网的融合发展趋势。     

Internet freedom and copyright maximalism: Contradictory hypocrisy or complementary policies?

U.S. advocacy for increased international intellectual property protection and a free and open Internet has been criticized as being inconsistent at best and hypocritical at worst. Placing U.S. copyright and Internet policy in a historical context and using Susan Strange's concepts of structural power and knowledge structures, we argue that copyright and Internet policies cannot be analyzed in isolation, but are intimately and inextricably linked forms of knowledge regulation. All knowledge regulation policies involve balancing access and restriction. Our analysis suggests that the current U.S. policy of Internet freedom and strong copyright protection represents a particular, historically situated strategy designed to exert structural power in the global information economy: Free flow of information creates markets by exposure to intellectual properties, while copyright secures economic benefit to copyright holders from the flow. We argue that a full and honest debate over issues of information access requires acknowledgment of contemporary and conflicting values, with the realization that different societies and interests will weigh access and dissemination differently. Recognizing as legitimate and incorporating these different perspectives into the global governance structures of the Internet comprise the key challenge facing those who favor truly democratic global Internet governance.     

The Rhetorical Dynamics of Gender Harassment On-Line

This article compares two extended interactions that took place recently on the Internet, one from a recreational Internet Relay Chat (IRC)channel, and the other from an academic listserv discussion group. The two interactions exhibit similar gender dynamics, which can be characterized as harassment of female by male participants. This harassment takes different forms, in keeping with the possibilities inherent in the two modes of computer-mediated communication. Whereas female participants on IRC are kicked off the channel, in the discussion group harassers must rely exclusively on language to intimidate and silence. This "rhetoric of harassment" crucially invokes libertarian principles of freedom of expression, constructing women's resistance as "censorship." A rhetorical analysis of the two harassment episodes thus sheds light on the means used to construct and maintain asymmetrical gender and power dynamics in different modes of CMC.     

蠕虫：网络监视与科学教育——从科学实践哲学的立场看科学人文教育

互联网正在受到越来越强大的规制。权力与资本的联合,正在改变当前互联网的架构。对互联网进行一定程度与性质的规制是应该的,但是超越了自由和危害到人本身的基本权利则是有危害的。危险的不仅是互联网本身,危险更存在于人们对此影响是否会侵蚀自由、民主毫无认识,或者自动地把对于自由的认识交付他人,把自由拱手让给他人。在此,偏颇的科学教育充当了帮凶。本文运用科学实践哲学通过两个案例对于这种危害和科学教育的偏颇做了论证。     

Deep-learning-based information mining from ocean remote-sensing imagery

With the continuous development of space and sensor technologies during the last 40 years, ocean remote sensing has entered into the big-data era with typical five-V (volume, variety, value, velocity and veracity) characteristics. Ocean remote-sensing data archives reach several tens of petabytes and massive satellite data are acquired worldwide daily. To precisely, efficiently and intelligently mine the useful information submerged in such ocean remote-sensing data sets is a big challenge. Deep learning—a powerful technology recently emerging in the machine-learning field—has demonstrated its more significant superiority over traditional physical- or statistical-based algorithms for image-information extraction in many industrial-field applications and starts to draw interest in ocean remote-sensing applications. In this review paper, we first systematically reviewed two deep-learning frameworks that carry out ocean remote-sensing-image classifications and then presented eight typical applications in ocean internal-wave/eddy/oil-spill/coastal-inundation/sea-ice/green-algae/ship/coral-reef mapping from different types of ocean remote-sensing imagery to show how effective these deep-learning frameworks are. Researchers can also readily modify these existing frameworks for information mining of other kinds of remote-sensing imagery.     

大学生网络视频检索与浏览行为研究

进入信息时代,信息技术与互联网得到迅猛发展。信息资源已实现从文字到图片到视频的转变与普及。相对于文本与图像,视频所涵盖的内容更加丰富,表达信息更为直接。本研究从用户信息行为领域入手,立足于国内外研究者涉足较浅的视频检索领域,通过调查大学生群体对网络视频的检索与浏览行为的相关内容,分析该群体对网络视频检索与浏览行为的相关原因进行研究。     

信息技术视域下人的全面发展路径探析

信息技术的发展和广泛应用给人们带来了快捷便利的服务,同时也在一定程度影响了人的自主发展。图像为核心的信息表达方式对人抽象思维的淡化,信息管理安全隐患对主体地位的冲击,快速更迭的技术分工加剧个体的碎片化发展趋势,信息占有差距对群体发展失衡的影响等等。只有实现资本逻辑到人的逻辑的转变,旧式分工到自觉分工的转换,建构互联网为依托人的全面交往,才能突破信息技术对人发展的限制,真正实现人的全面均衡发展。     

互联网发展与技术创新：专利生产、更新与引用视角

本文在理论上分析互联网发展对技术创新的可能影响机制,利用2007—2014年我国230个地级市的面板数据,通过主成分分析法构建了互联网发展指数。并进一步应用工具变量法实证研究了互联网发展对技术创新产生的影响及其内在传导机制。本文采用1984年各城市每百人固定电话数量与电信投资量的交互项作为研究的工具变量。实证表明：（1）无论从专利数据还是城市创新指数来看,互联网发展都显著促进了技术创新;（2）互联网发展加速了专利的折旧速度,有利于提高创新知识的更新速度;（3）互联网发展加快信息的传播,提升了专利的国内外引用,显著增加了创新知识的溢出。本文为我国“互联网＋”行动计划、创新型国家建设奠定了理论与事实基础。     

Cultured Technology: The Internet and Religious Fundamentalism

In this article we identify four principal dimensions of religious fundamentalism as they interact with the Internet: hierarchy, patriarchy, discipline, and seclusion. We also develop the concept of cultured technology, and analyze the ways communities reshape a technology and make it a part of their culture, while at the same time changing their customary ways of life and unwritten laws to adapt to it. Later, we give examples for our theoretical framework through an empirical examination of ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities in Israel. Our empirical study is based on a data set of 686,192 users and 60,346 virtual communities. The results show the complexity of interactions between religious fundamentalism and the Internet, and invite further discussions of cultured technology as a means to understand how the Internet has been culturally constructed, modified, and adapted to the needs of fundamentalist communities and how they in turn have been affected by it.     

关于网络信息资源消费若干问题的分析

本文以中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC)近两年的发布的《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》的数据为基础,分析了目前我国网络信息资源消费的情况,从网络信息消费的概念、消费产品、消费结构和消费水平等几个方面分别进行了讨论,力求对目前我国互联网发展状况和网络信息资源消费情况有较为清晰的认识。