Government Policy Towards Overseas Students: An International Perspective

There are now over one million foreign students studying in universities or colleges outside their own countries. The number of foreign students increased very rapidly in the 1970s and several host countries became concerned at the rising cost of subsidising students from abroad. Several countries, including Australia and Canada, as well as Britain, introduced differential fees for overseas students while other countries use quotas to regulate or restrict foreign student numbers. Other countries, notably Japan, have tried to increase recruitment of foreign students. This paper compares recent enrolment trends and developments in government policy towards foreign students in ten countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, West Germany, India, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and United States of America ).     

No Ivies,Oxbridge, or grandes écoles: constructing distinctions in university choice

Although we know a great deal about college choice in nations such as the United States, we know considerably less about how college choice operates in settings lacking well-defined hierarchies between higher education institutions. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, students from high socio-economic status backgrounds are over-represented in the Ivy League, Oxbridge, and grandes écoles, respectively. In nations without these hierarchies, how do privileged families distinguish between very similar institutions? Using the example of Canada, notable for its relative institutional flatness, I show that privileged families construct their own hierarchies and tap into established hierarchies in other nations. The data come from an ethnographic study of two elite private high schools in Toronto, Canada.     

Educational Programs for Socially Disadvantaged Populations: Center for Educational Research and Innovation,OECD (Kristian Antonsen,Head of Project Group)

The educational concerns of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), whose headquarters are in Paris, were in the past focused mainly on education in the fields of science and technology, as well as on national planning for the expansion of educational opportunities. The member nations - including the United States, most West European nations, and Japan - collaborated in producing survey studies of national and regional developments in these fields.     

Where to attend? Estimating the effects of beginning college at a two-year institution

Two-year colleges are an important part of the higher education system in the United States but there are concerns as to how attendance at these institutions affects educational attainment and labor market outcomes. This paper uses data from a nationally representative survey to examine the impact of students beginning their college career at a two-year college instead of a four-year college. Treatment effects are estimated using both standard regression techniques as well as propensity score matching. As these estimates may be contaminated because of selection on unobservable characteristics this paper will also employ a number of sensitivity analyses to consider the potential bias. The results show large negative impacts on both educational attainment and labor market outcomes for men and women who begin at a two-year college, even for those students who expect to complete a bachelor's degree. The evidence from the sensitivity analyses suggest that to eliminate these large effects there would need to be substantial, and arguably implausible, selection on unobservable characteristics.     

Looking for god in the university: examining trends in Christian higher education

Amid the many recent treatments of the global growth of both Christianity and higher education, little to no attention has been given to distinctly Christian higher education. The survey reported in this essay uses an understanding of Christian education developed from analytical work by Robert Benne to examine the number and nature of colleges and universities that retain and nurture a distinct Christian identity. The results indicate that Christian higher education continues to expand throughout the world, challenging the assumed linear trend toward secularization. This paper focuses upon the results of our survey in countries beyond Canada and the United States where most of the recent growth is occurring. We found a total 579 institutions outside of these areas. When we analyzed the origins, denomination, size, funding, and areas of study of these institutions we found some unique patterns that shed light upon the group as a whole and how they relate to larger trends within higher education.     

Characteristics of U.S., Japanese,and British Commonwealth universities offering education in agriculture

The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare universities that do and do not provide training in agriculture in the United States, Japan, and the British Commonwealth, and (2) to examine similarities and differences among those nations with respect to characteristics of agricultural universities. In all these nations, universities that offer training in agriculutre are significantly larger than universities that do not. In the United States and Japan, but not in the British Commonwealth, agricultural universities are characterized by a significantly greater technical emphasis. In Japan alone agricultural universities are significantly more affluent than other universities. A hierarchical grouping of the United States, Japan, and 17 British Commonwealth nations on similarities among their agricultural universities yielded three broad clusters. Those appear to reflect, respectively, U.S., British, and African approaches to agricultural higher education.     

在美国作为一个研究领域的高等教育:历史、学位项目与知识基础

在探索高等教育作为一个研究生阶段的新的学术领域在美国的崛起方面,本文提出了四个相关的主题。首先,本文追溯了高等教育作为一种学位项目的起源和程序化的发展,以及高等教育的课程发展和专业化的演变。第二,通过高等教育研究领域在研究型学位(Ph.D和M.A.)和专业学位(Ed.D.和M.Ed)的发展历史,本文指出在整个20世纪,教育学院都在力求区别对待这两种学位类型,而且努力证明这些学位类型各有其存在的原因和不同的要求。第三,高等教育研究领域的崛起逐步形成了一种知识基础,它反映了与大学历史和传统、大学管理与治理、大学课程、学生和公共政策研究领域相关的正在增长的研究生产力。与许多其他学科和专业领域一样,这种正在发展中的知识基础发轫于致力于高等教育研究的学术期刊、丛书、专著以及期刊文章。第四,在高等教育研究中心和学位项目国际化的背景下,本文对美国、欧洲、加拿大和中国正在演化中的高等教育的多学科领域提供了一个粗略的描述。     

THE CRITICAL ROLE OF TWO-YEAR COLLEGES IN THE PREPARATION OF TEACHERS OF MATHEMATICS: SOME STRATEGIES THAT WORK

Providing high-quality mathematics instruction in the classrooms of the future is essential to the development of educated citizens and a competent workforce. W hile this need is growing, the United States is facing a critical teacher shortage. An estimated two million teachers are needed, and this situation will only worsen in the next decade. An increasing number of prospective teachers begin their college experience at two-year colleges, and many future elementary and middle school teachers take all of their college-level mathematics and science coursework at these institutions. Two-year colleges must be integrally involved in teacher recruitment and preparation. The National Science Foundation report Investing in Tomorrow's Teachers recommends two-year college involvement in teacher preparation, including recruitment of prospective teachers; strengthened undergraduate courses; preteaching experiences; liaisons between two-year colleges and four-year institutions; and connections with business, industry, and professional societies. The American Mathematical Association of Two-Year Colleges (AMATYC) has several strong teacher preparation activities and related guidelines. One successful model for two-year college involvement is the National Science Foundation-funded collaboration between Reynolds Community College and other two-year and four-year institutions in the area that has produced new and redesigned courses and a Teaching Apprentice Program. An emphasis on preparing prospective teachers to take licensure testing in mathematics is addressed through another program. A statewide initiative of the Virginia Community College System has produced a set of policy recommendations developed via a statewide task force and colloquium.     

美加社区学院对中国高职院校学生管理工作的启示

以美国佛罗里达州、宾夕法尼亚州和加拿大魁北克省等地的几个有代表性案例,阐述美加社区学院在学生服务系统、生本意识、学生思想教育途径等方面带给我们的启示,并提出中国高职院校在学生管理工作中要正确处理好为社会服务和为个体服务、为学校服务和为学生服务、显性教育和隐性教育、二级管理和一级管理四时关系。     

HOPE VI Neighborhoods and Neighborhood Schools: Understanding How Revitalized Neighborhoods Influence School Environments

As detailed in the articles throughout this issue, the U.S. education system experienced a number of structural developments throughout the 20th century. These changes served to shift the landscape of decision-making authority in multiple areas of primary and secondary schooling. This article provides an international perspective on the changes undergone by the American system, painting a broad picture of where the trends in the United States’ educational system fit within changes worldwide. To best understand the possible implications of changes in the United States, I describe trends in educational centralization and decentralization in other nations, placing the American changes in a broader context shedding light on where education in the United States could be headed.     

美、日“后大众阶段”高等教育体系比较与借鉴

美国和日本两国“后大众阶段”的高等教育体系均为三层结构,但在具体构成上存在差异。美国高等教育体宗由私立大学、州立大学、社区学院三种类型、三个层次的高等教育机构构成,分别对应精英、大众和普及三种“理想型”;日本高等教育体系是由国立大学、私立大学和短期大学、高等专科学校、专修学校构成的三层构成,经历了一个调整完善的过程。我国缺乏面向大众化和普及化的制度设计,必须根据“后大众阶段”的发展需要,加强高等教育体系建设。     

美国社区学院职业道德教育的借鉴价值

美国社区学院职业道德教育特色吸引着越来越多的社会关注,职业道德教育与专业课程设置能够有机结合。通过校企合作提升职业道德素质,通过学生社团各种服务和活动提高职业道德修养,借助校园文化进行职业道德教育渗透,通过网络课程拓展职业道德教育。美国社区学院成功的职业道德教育为美国培养了大量德才兼备的技术人才,提升了大学生在就业市场中的竞争优势以及社区学院的社会声誉。探究借鉴美国社区学院职业道德教育特色,构建我国高职院校职业道德教育新范式,不失为职业德育教育的新思考。     

美国一流社区学院办学特色对我国高职院校建设的启示——以圣莫尼卡社区学院为例

美国社区学院是美国高等教育的重要组成部分,其特色的职业教育体系远近闻名。以美国一个卓越社区学院——圣莫尼卡社区学院为例,通过对该校的办学理念、学科课程、教师队伍、筹资方式、教育职能等方面独特之处的详细介绍,给我国高职院校的建设发展以深刻启示。通过借鉴美国一流社区学院的建设发展经验,由此促进我国高职院校的高水平发展。     

The Growth of International Student Enrollment at Community Colleges and Implications

An emerging trend today is the increased enrollment of international students at community colleges. International students look to American community colleges as a steppingstone to achieving an education that might otherwise be beyond their reach. They are attracted to the community college by the lower tuition costs, opportunities for guaranteed transfer to a four-year university, and the opportunity to study at a variety of geographical locations throughout the United States. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the reasons that international students choose to study at community colleges and to consider the implications for community colleges at a time when funding, services, and growth opportunities have been severely restricted. Suggestions for further research are also included.     

高职教育专业设置的国际经验及启示

面对高职院校竞争日趋激烈的形势,如何科学地进行专业设置提高专业竞争力,是摆在高职院校面前的现实问题。以美、英、法、德、日等为代表的国家在高职教育专业设置上积累了较为成熟的经验,值得借鉴。以产业结构为依托、市场为导向,保持专业超前性,注重中职教育与高职教育的有机衔接及校企合作等国际经验,对我国高职教育专业设置有着重要的启示。     

Articulation,transfer, and student choice in a binary post-secondary system

This paper investigates the intersection of system articulation, transfer, and the choices that secondary school students make when they apply to college and university. The investigation is based on the results of a study that was undertaken to determine factors that influence choices that secondary school students make between enrolling in community college or university, and in particular whether or not those choices are affected by the degree of “articulation” within a public system of post-secondary education. There are several studies that have emerged recently in the United States and Canada that examine factors that influence the choice of university and 4-year college. There are a few studies that examine the choice of community and 2-year college. None, however, either in Canada or in the United States, has sought to examine “college choice” comparatively among students who apply to baccalaureate (4-year colleges and universities) and sub-baccalaureate (community colleges) programs. This study examines college choice on the basis of two series of longitudinal surveys conducted in the province of Ontario since the late 1980s, and on a series of surveys and interviews of students, parents and guidance counselors in six secondary schools, each with a different student population, since 2004. The third study—called the “college choice” project—tracked secondary school students as they made decisions about attending college or university, and as they finally selected the institutions that they would attend. The study concludes that greater conventional articulation will not significantly affect rates of transfer, that for most students plans to transfer develop after they enter college and are not a major factor in their initial “choice,” that the rate of transfer is highly dependent on the corresponding arrays of programs at colleges and universities, and that articulation might better be thought of as a subset of other basic forms of inter-institutional cooperation. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the ASHE Annual Conference, Louisville, Kentucky, November, 2007.     

TEXAS TECH PREP ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN OF PARTNER OPINIONS: AN ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS

Tech Prep is a federal education initiative funded by the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act initially authorized in 1990 then reauthorized in 1998. Texas HB 2401 subsequently established the parameters for the operation of Tech Prep in Texas. Texas has 26 regional consortia that coordinate the delivery of services between secondary school districts and two-year colleges under the leadership of consortium directors. The research reported in this paper examined the effectiveness of these consortia based upon an opinion survey administered to Texas Tech Prep consortia directors, community college technical administrators, and secondary technical program directors.     

20世纪80年代以来美国黑人高等教育发展实证分析

20世纪80年代以来,美国黑人高等教育发展呈现出以下特点：高校入学总人数增长速度较快,但入学率仍低于全国平均水平;研究生入学人数增长幅度逐渐超过本科生;私立高校、四年制高校和部分时间制入学人数增长速度快于公立高校、两年制高校和全日制;获得硕士学位的人数增长最快;热门专业中获得商学专业学位的人数较多或所占的比例较大;学业完成率有所提高,但仍远远低于全国平均水平;高校黑人教师稳步增长,专职教师急遽增加;教师职称结构不断改善。     

由美国高校创新人才培养模式看我国医学院校的创新教育

本文创新教育是社会发展的需求,也是我们应对2l世纪国际社会激烈竞争的必然选择。美国是世界上高等教育最发达的国家之一。因此,分析美国高校创新人才培养模式,结合我国医学院的专业特点,探讨我国医学院校的创新教育。