竞技游泳运动员大赛备战前高原训练生化监控指标分析

目的：通过测试高原训练前和高原训练后Rbc、Wbc、Hgb、Hct、Mcv、Mch、Mchc、Ck、Bun、Sf、T、C、T/C指标,分析高原训练对运动员生化指标的影响。方法：15名游泳运动员在昆明海埂训练基地进行5周的高原训练,出发高原前2天及高原训练第1周、第3周及回到平原1周后清晨空腹抽取静脉血,采用BC600全自动血液细胞分析仪检测血常规指标,Dimension RxL MaxTM全自动生化分析仪仪器检测Ck、Bun, ADVIA Centaur XP全自动化学发光免疫分析仪检测Sf、T、C的含量。结果：高原第1周、高原第3周和高原后1周的Rbc明显低于高原出发前,而Rbc含量显著高于高原出发前;高原第3周和高原后1周的Hgb显著高于高原前;高原第1周、第3周的Hct、Mcv、Mch显著低于高原前,而高原后1周的Hct、Hct、Mcv、Mch显著增加;高原第1周、第3周的Mchc显著高于高原前,而高原后1周的Mchc显著增加;高原后1周的Sf显著高于高原前;男运动员的T、T/C值高原训练第1周高于高原前,女运动员的T、T/C值高原第1周、第3周、高原后1周明显高于高原前。结论：...     

血清EPO及其相关指标在游泳训练中变化规律的探讨

探讨了男子长距离游泳运动员大负荷运动训练后血清促红细胞生成素(EPO)、血清游离睾酮(FT)的变化规律以及EPO与FT和血红蛋白等生理指标的关系。结果表明:经4周大负荷游泳训练后血清EPO、FT水平明显降低(P<0.05)而血红蛋白等指标无明显改变;在一周的恢复过程中,EPO呈统计学意义的恢复,而FT的恢复不显著;FT与EPO在调整期恢复中的因果关系不明显。     

男子公开级赛艇运动员机能变化规律的初步研究

本文通过对中国国家队15名男子公开级赛艇运动员进行40周的训练周期训练,观察训练周期中的训练特点与运动员机能指标变化,进行一些规律性的分析研究,为赛艇科学训练提供一些科学理论依据。研究对象:研究对象为备战2002年亚运会中国国家赛艇队男子公开级运动员,15人,身高188.2±     

男子散打运动员赛前训练中免疫学指标的变化规律

选择10名男子散打运动员作为研究对象,通过NK细胞,NKT细胞,CD4＋／CD8＋,T细胞,以及Th1／Th2淋巴细胞亚群指标的检测,观察散打运动员赛前训练中免疫学指标的变化规律,研究赛前训练中对男子散打运动员免疫机能指标的影响。结果显示：大负荷的专项赛前训练对NK细胞不产生显著性影响。NKT细胞是反映免疫机能改变的敏感指标。赛前对抗实战阶段,散手运动员CD4＋／CD8＋出现显著性下降,并且出现了Th1／Th2失衡的临界性变化。     

辽东楤木对6周递增负荷大鼠血清睾酮、皮质酮、铁蛋白、尿蛋白等指标的影响

通过慢性动物实验,建立过度训练模型,为辽东楤木延缓或消除运动性疲劳的研究提供实验依据.Wistar大鼠77只,随机分为5组:正常对照组(NC组)12只、运动对照组(EC组)17只、运动+人参组(EP组)16只,运动+辽东木忽木低剂量组(EAL组)16只、运动+辽东楤木高剂量组(EAH组)16只.6周递增负荷游泳训练后,分别测定血清睾酮(T)浓度、皮质酮(C)浓度、血红蛋白(Hb)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、血清尿素氮(BUN)和尿蛋白(TP)含量.结果显示,运动对照组大鼠血清睾酮浓度、血清睾酮/皮质酮比值、血红蛋白含量显著降低;血清铁蛋白含量明显下降;血清皮质酮浓度、血清尿素氮和尿蛋白含量显著增高.楤木低剂量组大鼠血清睾酮浓度、血清铁蛋白含量明显增高;T/C的比值和血红蛋白含量显著增高;血清皮质酮浓度、血清尿素氮和尿蛋白含量显著下降.楤木高剂量组大鼠血清睾酮浓度有升高趋势,但无显著性差异;血清铁蛋白含量、T/C的比值明显增高;血红蛋白含量显著增加;血清皮质酮浓度、血清尿素氮和尿蛋白含量显著降低.提示辽东楤木可以提高大鼠血清睾酮浓度、血红蛋白和血清铁蛋白含量,降低血清皮质酮浓度,血清尿素氮和尿蛋白的含量,有利于机体消除运动性疲劳,加快机体的恢复,与人参一样,具有类似的同化作用.     

营养补充对运动性低血色素大鼠血清、组织铜蓝蛋白及血清铁等铁代谢指标变化规律的研究

为了探寻营养补充对运动性低血色素大鼠铜蓝蛋白与铁代谢指标变化的规律，以大鼠为实验对象，采用跑台作为运动方式建立运动性低血色素大鼠模型，并对大鼠进行营养干预，对其血清、组织中的铜蓝蛋白以及铁代谢相关指标进行测定。实验结果表明：长时间的运动训练导致运动性低血色素大鼠血清铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白明显上升，铁蛋白明显下降，而且与血清铁浓度具有较高的相关性，说明血清铜蓝蛋白、铁蛋白、转铁蛋白可以反映机体铁代谢情况；运动训练导致运动性低血色素大鼠组织铜蓝蛋白含量与血清铜蓝蛋白变化不一致；营养补剂的干预显降低了运动性低血色素大鼠血清铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白含量，提高了血清铁及铁蛋白含量，表明抗贫血铁制剂复合营养补剂对提高大鼠铁贮备和维持大鼠铁代谢稳定具有积极作用。     

赛前训练期优秀板鞋运动员生理生化指标变化规律的研究

本研究对优秀板鞋运动员在备战全国比赛期间,不同训练时期Hb、CK、BU、T、C等指标进行了测定,讨论备战全国比赛期间,不同训练时期优秀板鞋运动员生理生化检测指标的变化规律。得出在训练周期中,Hb、CK、BU、T和C等指标,作为评价板鞋运动员身体机能具有参考价值;板鞋运动员在比赛中,中枢神经系统耐受疲劳的能力非常重要等结论。     

男子散打运动员赛前训练中免疫学指标的变化规律

选择10名男子散打运动员作为研究对象,通过NK细胞,NKT细胞,CD4 /CD8 ,T细胞,以及Th1/Th2淋巴细胞亚群指标的检测,观察散打运动员赛前训练中免疫学指标的变化规律,研究赛前训练中对男子散打运动员免疫机能指标的影响.结果显示:大负荷的专项赛前训练对NK细胞不产生显著性影响.NKT细胞是反映免疫机能改变的敏感指标.赛前对抗实战阶段,散手运动员CD4 /CD8 出现显著性下降,并且出现了Th1/Th2失衡的临界性变化.     

赛艇运动员不同训练周期后免疫系统及部分血液生化指标变化的研究

观察湖北省划船队女子赛艇运动员(10人),在备战第10届全国运动会封闭训练期间,不同训练周期后血清免疫球蛋白指标IgA、IgG、IgM以及部分血液生化指标血红蛋白(Hb)、血尿素氮(BUN)、睾酮(T)、皮质醇(C)、T/C的水平,并进行相关分析.探讨赛艇运动员身体机能评定和训练监控更有效的方法和途径,探讨这些指标在不同训练周期后变化的某些内在规律.     

高水平男子中短距离游泳成绩预测的代谢组学模型

为了探索利用代谢组学方法预测高水平男子中短距离游泳成绩的可能性.第15届亚运会赛前1个月,每周1次,利用基于核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学方法对18名准备参加亚运会的男子运动员晨尿进行分析,然后采用有监督的模式识别方法--Fisher逐步判别分析法,根据从一维核磁共振氢谱获取的标准化数据,建立高水平男子中短距离游泳成绩预测代谢组学模型.结果显示:模型的预测性能检验结果,对比赛中奖牌选手(进入前3名)与非奖牌选手(未进入前3名)、决赛选手(进入前8名)与非决赛选手(未进入前8名)的样本预测准确率可达到90%以上.初步证明了利用代谢组学模型预测高水平男子中短距离游泳比赛成绩的可行性.     

Effects of endurance and high-intensity swimming exercise on the redox status of adolescent male and female swimmers

Abstract

Throughout adolescence, swimmers begin to carry out demanding endurance and high-intensity training sets, the effect of which on redox status is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 2000-m continuous swimming and 6 × 50-m maximal swimming on the redox status of adolescent swimmers. Fifteen male and 15 female swimmers, aged 14–18 years, provided blood samples before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 24 h after each exercise for the determination of redox status parameters. Oxidative damage was short-lived and manifest as increases in 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) 1 h after high-intensity exercise (39%, P < 0.001) and in malondialdehyde immediately after both exercises (65%, P < 0.001). Alterations in antioxidant parameters were sustained during recovery: reduced glutathione decreased 24 h post-exercise (11%, P = 0.001), uric acid increased gradually after high-intensity exercise (29%, P < 0.001) and bilirubin peaked 24 h post-exercise (29%, P < 0.001). Males had higher 8-OHdG (49%, P = 0.001) and uric acid (29%, P < 0.001) concentrations than females. However, females showed higher values of malondialdehyde than males immediately post-exercise (30%, P = 0.039), despite lower pre-exercise values. In conclusion, both endurance and high-intensity exercise perturbed the redox balance without inducing prolonged oxidative damage in trained adolescent male and female swimmers. These swimming training trials were not found to be detrimental to the redox homeostasis of adolescents.     

Body composition and hydration status changes in male and female open-water swimmers during an ultra-endurance event

Young adult soccer players often encounter difficulty progressing from youth competition to being regularly selected for high-level, open-age competition. In an attempt to increase the playing opportunities of semi-professional and amateur under-21 players in first teams, the Royal Belgian Football Association required national division teams to include at least two players younger than 21 in their match selection (under-21 rule). Over four seasons, the following variables were analysed across 2138 semi-professional and amateur soccer players aged 16?–?39 years: (1) the number of times a player was selected to be in the first team squad; (2) the number of times a player was selected to play in the starting line-up; and (3) the number of minutes played. Chi-square analysis demonstrated that second and third division teams had complied with the new selection regulations. However, two-way analysis of variance of individual player data revealed no increase in the number of playing minutes in the under-21 group. It would appear that many teams had complied with the new regulations by selecting young players as substitutes. The results highlight the difficulties that talented young soccer players experience progressing from youth to senior competition. We conclude that the rule imposed by the Royal Belgian Football Association has failed to improve the playing opportunities of young adult soccer players. Alternative strategies for increasing playing opportunities for young talented players are required.     

Body composition and hydration status changes in male and female open-water swimmers during an ultra-endurance event

Body mass changes during ultra-endurance performances have been described for running, cycling and for swimming in a heated pool. The present field study of 20 male and 11 female open-water swimmers investigated the changes in body composition and hydration status during an ultra-endurance event. Body mass, both estimated fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) and urine specific gravity were determined. Energy intake, energy expenditure and fluid intake were estimated. Males experienced significant reductions in body mass (-0.5 %) and skeletal muscle mass (-1.1 %) (P < 0.05) during the race compared to females who showed no significant changes with regard to these variables (P > 0.05). Changes in percent body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were heterogeneous and did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) between gender groups. Fluid intake relative to plasma volume was higher in females than in males during the ultra-endurance event. Compared to males, females' average increase in haematocrit was 3.3 percentage points (pp) higher, urine specific gravity decrease 0.1 pp smaller, and plasma [Na+] 1.3 pp higher. The observed patterns of fluid intake, changes in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, and plasma [Na+] suggest that, particularly in females, a combination of fluid shift from blood vessels to interstitial tissue, facilitated by skeletal muscle damage, as well as exercise-associated hyponatremia had occurred. To summarise, changes in body composition and hydration status are different in male compared to female open-water ultra-endurance swimmers.     

不同负荷下少年游泳运动员血乳酸与血糖的变化

本文以血乳酸、血糖为指标,对13～15岁的少年游泳运动员进行观察分析,探讨少年游泳运动员在不同负荷下血乳酸、血糖的变化特点与训练课能量补充的意义。     

Changes in body composition and physique of elite university-level female swimmers during a competitive season

Changes in the body composition of a sample of elite university-level female swimmers were monitored at three points during a competitive season, October, December and March. Body composition was estimated via densitometry and a series of anthropometric dimensions was taken at each occasion. Body weight, absolute and relative fatness, all six skinfolds and the calf circumference decreased, while density and lean body mass increased significantly during the period of intensive training between October and December. Changes during the second half of the season were smaller. Weight and relative fatness increased, while body density and the triceps skinfold decreased significantly between December and March. Hence, the major changes in body composition associated with swim training occurred during the early part of the season when training was intense. Most of the changes were maintained during the second half of the season. Correlations between body composition at the start of training and changes after approximately 10 and 24 weeks were negative and generally significant. Changes in anthropometric somatotype estimates with swim training were minor and occurred primarily in the first and third components.     

An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers

The kinematic analysis of competition breaststroke swimming has tended to focus on the mean values of swimming speed, stroke rate and stroke length; values in individual lengths, as well as the start, turns and finish, have largely been ignored. This study includes all such variables and aims to improve the coach's holistic understanding of breaststroke racing by determining the relationships and differences between and within these selected kinematic variables. We also compare 100-m events with 200-m events to determine if there are characteristic differences between them. Competitive breaststroke swimming performances in 100-m events (males: n = 159, finishing time = 65.05 +/- 2.62 s; females: n = 158, finishing time = 74.04 +/- 3.66 s) and 200-m events (males: n = 159, finishing time = 141.47 +/- 6.15 s; females: n = 158, finishing time = 158.66 +/- 7.87 s) were collected and analysed from 12 world, international and national championships. The better 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers were found to demonstrate greater competency in the kinematic variables measured, except stroke kinematics, which were unique to each individual. These findings suggest that coaches should place emphasis on all of the kinematic components in training and that they should attempt to identify the stroke rate to stroke length ratio most appropriate for the individual. Finally, characteristic differences do exist between the 100-m and 200-m events, which has implications for how swimmers might train for each event.     

An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers

The kinematic analysis of competition breaststroke swimming has tended to focus on the mean values of swimming speed, stroke rate and stroke length; values in individual lengths, as well as the start, turns and finish, have largely been ignored. This study includes all such variables and aims to improve the coach's holistic understanding of breaststroke racing by determining the relationships and diff erences between and within these selected kinematic variables. We also compare 100-m events with 200-m events to determine if there are characteristic diff erences between them. Competitive breaststroke swimming performances in 100-m events (males: n = 159, finishing time = 65.05 - 2.62 s; females: n = 158, finishing time = 74.04 - 3.66 s) and 200-m events (males: n = 159, finishing time = 141.47 - 6.15 s; females: n = 158, finishing time = 158.66 - 7.87 s) were collected and analysed from 12 world, international and national championships. The better 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers were found to demonstrate greater competency in the kinematic variables measured, except stroke kinematics, which were unique to each individual. These findings suggest that coaches should place emphasis on all of the kinematic components in training and that they should attempt to identify the stroke rate to stroke length ratio most appropriate for the individual. Finally, characteristic diff erences do exist between the 100-m and 200-m events, which has implications for how swimmers might train for each event.     

Seasonal training and performance of competitive swimmers

To determine the relationship between prescribed training and seasonal-best swimming performance, we surveyed 24 swim coaches and 185 of their age-group and open-class swimmers specializing in sprint (50 and 100 m) and middle-distance (200 and 400 m) events in a summer and winter season. We expressed effects on training as either multiples of swimmers' standard deviations (effect size, ES) or as correlations ( r ). Coaches prescribed higher mileage and longer repetitions of lower intensity to middle-distance swimmers than to sprinters (ES = 0.4-1.5); as competitions approached, repetition intensity and duration of rest intervals increased (ES = 0.5-0.9), whereas session and repetition distances decreased (ES = 0.4-1.3). The 95% likely ranges of the true values for these effects were about - 0.3. Weekly mileage swum at an easy or moderate pace remained at almost 60% of the total throughout both seasons. Interval training reduced gradually from 40% of total distance in the build-up to 30% at the end of tapering. Older swimmers had shorter rests and swam more miles ( r = 0.5-0.8). After partialling out the effects of age on performance ( r = 0.7-0.8), better performance was significantly associated only with greater weekly mileage ( r = 0.5-0.8) and shorter duration of rest intervals ( r = 0.6-0.7) in middle-distance swimmers. Weconclude that periodization of training and differences in training between sprint and middle-distance events were broadly in accord with principles of specificity. Strong effects of specificity on performance were not apparent, but weak effects might have been detected with a larger sample.