Two non-traditional measures of chemistry learning: Word association and idea association

Conclusion The word association test and idea association test are open-ended tests which assess students' linking ability and also their accuracy in retrieving the relevant knowledge. These tests break through the “spoon-fed” and “drilled” types of assessment. The earlier study has shown that linkage of knowledge is one of the influential factors in determining problem solving performance (Lee, 1986). A replication study has confirmed the earlier findings that these two non-traditional measures assess learning performance as do the traditional methods. Apart from providing the numerical scores, for the learning performance, the two non-traditional tests also provide teachers with useful qualitative evidence of how students proceed with their learning and with their understanding of concepts. The technical procedures of setting, carrying out and scoring the tests are reasonably easy to handle. On the basis of the evidence shown, it is suggested that the word association and idea association tests should become part of the regular testing of chemistry learning in schools.     

Word recognition and basic cognitive processes among reading-disabled and normal readers in Arabic

This study investigated word identification inArabic and basic cognitive processes inreading-disabled (RD) and normal readers of thesame chronological age, and in younger normalreaders at the same reading level. The studyfocused on the word identification processes ofphonological decoding and orthographicprocessing and the cognitive processes ofsyntactic and morphological awareness, workingmemory, and visual processing. RD children werecompared with normal readers on a battery oftests developed in Arabic on the basis of thoseavailable in English and Hebrew. The presentresults revealed deficiencies among the RD childrenin phonological decoding, in contrast torelative strengths in orthographic processing. These data were consistent with English-languagefindings. The analysis of basiccognitive processes indicated significantdeficiencies in morphology, working memory, andsyntactic and visual processing, with the mostsevere deficiencies observed for phonologicalawareness. The results are discussed in lightof international RD findings and the nature ofArabic orthography.     

Identifying cross-domain distinguishing features of cognitive structure

Our research aims to identify domain-specific similarities and differences of externalized cognitive structures. Cognitive structure, also known as knowledge structure or structural knowledge, is conceived as the manner in which an individual organizes the relationships of concepts in memory. By diagnosing these structures precisely, even partially, the educator comes closer to influencing them through instructional settings and materials. Our assessment and analysis of cognitive structures is realized within the HIMATT tool, which automatically generates four quantitative indicators for the structural entities of written text or causal maps. In our study, participants worked on the subject domains biology, history, and mathematics. Results clearly indicate different structural and semantic features across the three subject domains. Additionally, we found that written texts and causal maps seem to represent different structure and content across the three subject domains when compared to an expert??s representation. We conclude with a general discussion, instructional implications and suggestions for future research.     

谈认知结构在化学学习中的重要作用

作者从认知结构中知识的表征方式、知识的类型和知识的系统组织三个方面,结合教学实际阐述了建立良好的认知结构对学生学好化学的重要作用。     

谈认知结构在化学学习中的重要作用

作者从认知结构中知识的表征方式、知识的类型和知识的系统组织三个方面,结合教学实际阐述了建立良好的认知结构对学生学好化学的重要作用.     

《世说新语》偏正式复音词构词法初探

对《世说新语》中的偏正式复音词语义和词性的构成状况进行详细考察可以发现,“世说”时期,偏正式复音词在语义和词性构成上,较先秦时期有明显的发展。从语义构成上看,表身份、职业大类名词的正语素有所增换;正语素表示动作、行为,偏语素表示情态、状貌的偏正复音词大量出现;数量词的用法在继承先秦用法的基础上又有了一些变化。从词性构成看,像先秦一样,构成名词的仍然占绝对优势,但构成动词的比先秦有所增加,并且出现了构成形容词、副词、连词、代词的偏正复音词,各类形式词的构成情况较上古更为复杂多样。     

由“海X”词族看网络词族造词方式特点及成因

通过对“海X”词族的词义解说,以及对“海X”词族名词的造词方式与词语语义特征的分析,揭示网络词族造词方式分为非组合式和组合式两大类且具有多样性和灵活性的特点以及导致其特点产生的原因。     

谈谈古今字与通假字的区分问题--兼与中学语文编写组商榷

古今字与通假字是两种不同的用字现象,但由于中学语文教材把二者混为一谈,不加区分,所以长期影响人们的视听,特别是对大学古代汉语课的教学造成相当的困难。     

明代诗词关系与词体演进

词在明代的地位非常尴尬,不仅不能与旧体文学领域的诗文分庭抗礼,甚至也不如通俗文学形式的小说戏曲被当时人看重,以探讨其中的原因为线索,论述了词体在明代的演进与发展,以及由此引发的诗词异同之辨.     

Word of the Month

什么是合并词？我们本期就来好好侃侃合并词——两个单词组成一个新意思的词,Funny!     

汉英"字"、"词"的差异及对英语教学的启示

从汉英“字”、“词”的区别着手，分析汉英“字组”及“词组”的区别，及汉英词类的划分，对英语教学具有重要启示。     

Differential supervision and cognitive structure effects on empathy and counseling effectiveness

The present study investigated the effects of didactic and experiential supervision procedures on the judged counseling effectiveness of high and low cognitive complexity counselor trainees. Subjects in the two supervision groups (N=16) were trained in attending, questioning, and reflection of feeling over three sessions. Training consisted of exposure to videotaped counseling models, discussion of the model's behavior with the supervisor, videotaped role playing of therapy, and discussion of the therapy with the supervisor. Training was exactly the same for both groups except for supervision. A control group (N=8) did not receive any training. All subjects, including controls, were pre- and post-tested for counseling effectiveness as measured by judged tape ratings on the 25-item Counselor Effectiveness Scale and four scales designed to assess affective, exploratory, listening, and honest labeling responses.High complex subjects responsed more favorably to the didactic supervision significantly outperforming both the high complex controls and the low complex didactic subjects on four of the five dependent measures, whereas high and low complex subjects did not respond differentially to the experiential supervision. The results were discussed in terms of fitting the complexity of the students to the supervision approach in selecting students for counseling programs.This paper was presented at the International Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling, Thessaloniki, Greece, April 1980, and was based partly on the senior author's doctoral disser tation (University of Maine, 1978).     

词的比喻义与“城”字现象

词语适应社会发展的需要，不断变化发展，变化发展的方式之一是在原词的基础上派生出新的比喻义。本文结合“城”字现象，从比喻的本质特点和结构形式阐明词的比喻义的产生过程和被社会接受的若干条件。     

英汉翻译中词汇的空缺和词义的选择

英汉两种语言均是世界上词汇最丰富的语言。由于文化的差异,造成了英语和汉语两种语言的词汇空缺的现象。在英汉翻译中,应从词义搭配、词义的褒贬和词义的轻与重等方面正确地选择词义。     

运用语序虚词 准确表情达意

任何一种语言都有自己独特的语法手段，汉语主要用语序和虚词来表达语法意义。本文用大量实例说明语序、虚词在表情达意时所起的积极作用，要选用、慎用、巧用语序虚词。