论曹禺的母性情怀

曹禺笔下的女性形象都有不可忽视的母性情怀,这可以从婚姻和家庭两方面来考察.即使那些反抗型的女性,她们也都流露出对理想婚姻和家庭的渴盼以及对子女刻骨的爱,这都是母性的具体体现;那些忍从型的女性更是表现出愚忠愚爱的母性情怀.     

The nature of maternal postnatal pain

This study identifies the location and intensity of pain in a sample of 75 women during the first 4 days postpartum. The emphasis on normal processes and shortened hospital stays may decrease attention to maternal postnatal pain. Individual women's variations of pain in both location and intensity from day to day suggest that the reality of postnatal pain needs to become a more important aspect of perinatal education and postnatal care.     

生殖崇拜母性天职的强化--女娲城庙会祭祀禁忌初探

本文认为,豫东西华县女娲城庙会祭祀禁忌,对男性群体的否定,源于女性的世界历史意义的失败;对女性群体的肯定,则表现了女性生殖是崇高的、神圣的这一人类基本情感.     

Childhood sexual abuse precipitating maternal hospitalization

CHILD ABUSE often occurs in families with multiple and frequent stresses [1]. Disclosure of the abuse and the resulting therapeutic interventions may increase the stresses on family members and the family structure [2, 3], Some parents express greater concern about the disruption of their own lives caused by sexual abuse than they express for the victimized child [4, 5,]. Under such circumstances, the child may be deprived of the support needed to cope with the traumatic experience.This paper provides three case reports of unusual examples of family disruption following childhood sexual abuse. In each case the mother's hospitalization was precipitated by the disclosure and investigation of the child's sexual assault complaint.     

Alarming racial differences in maternal mortality

In this column, the author reviews statistics that reflect the disparity of maternal mortality rates among black, nonwhite, and white women.     

How early maternal separation and juvenile experience with pups affect maternal behavior and emotionality in adult postpartum rats

To assess the effects of preweaning and juvenile experiences on adult maternal behavior, two experiments were completed. In Experiment 1, pups were separated for long periods or short periods or were left undisturbed over the 1st week. Following weaning, the rats were exposed to foster pups over a 5-day period or were left undisturbed. There were no effects of early experience on juvenile behavior. In adult postpartum maternal tests, short separations reduced latencies to express maternal behaviors, whereas long separations combined with juvenile exposure to pups increased latencies. In Experiment 2, pups were separated for long periods or were left undisturbed over the 1st week. Following weaning, the rats were exposed to foster pups for 4 days or 8 days or were left undisturbed. Long separation retarded maternal responding in juvenile animals but had no effect on the adults. Four days of juvenile experience had negative effects on adult behavior, whereas 8 days did not have an effect.     

Infant and maternal sensitivity to interpersonal timing

A perturbation paradigm was employed to assess 3- and 6-month-old infants' and their mothers' sensitivity to a 3-s temporal delay implemented in an ongoing televised interaction. At both ages, the temporal delay affected infant but not maternal behavior and only when implementing the temporal delay in maternal (Experiment 1, N=64) but not infant (Experiment 2, N=60) behavior. In addition, the experimental manipulation influenced promptness of maternal smiling responses reliably more than promptness of infant smiling responses. The findings suggest that the timing of maternal behavior plays an important role in infants' perception of maternal responsiveness, whereas mothers seem to monitor general aspects of infant behavior such as overall level of engagement.     

Embryonic auditory experience and maternal call recognition

Peking duck embryos respond selectively to the maternal call of their species on the day before hatching, given normal embryonic auditory experience (the sounds emanating from their siblings and themselves which begin late on Day 24 of development). Groups of Peking embryos were subjected to recordings of either the mallard or the Burmese red jungle fowl maternal call beginning on Day 21 of incubation. Responses to these calls were tested on the day before hatching to determine the effects of the prenatal auditory experience. The responses of those birds exposed to the mallard maternal call were neither attenuated nor enhanced (as compared to the controls) when presented that call; those subjects which were exposed to the jungle fowl maternal call later failed to respond to that call or the mallard maternal call.     

Recognition of maternal axillary odors by infants

A series of 5 experiments was conducted to determine whether neonates, at approximately 2 weeks of age, can recognize their parents through axillary odors alone. Breast-feeding infants discriminated between their mother's axillary odor and odors produced by either nonparturient or unfamiliar lactating females. In contrast, breast-feeding infants displayed no evidence of recognizing the axillary odors of their father. Likewise, bottle-feeding infants appeared unable to recognize the odor of their mother when presented along with odors from a nonparturient female or an unfamiliar bottle-feeding female. Several hypotheses were presented in an attempt to account for the differential reactions to maternal odors by breast-feeding versus bottle-feeding infants. It was tentatively concluded that, while breast-feeding, infants are exposed to salient maternal odors and thereby rapidly become familiarized with their mother's unique olfactory signature.     

Effect of maternal soothing on infant stress response

The effect of maternal soothing to infant inoculation as well as everyday distress on infant cortisol and behavioral responses to stress was examined in two longitudinal samples of 55 and 74 infants, respectively, between 2 and 6 months of age. There was no evidence that maternal soothing was effective in reducing infants' cortisol or behavioral responses to stress. The absence of this relation occurred despite evidence for cross-time stability and cross-situation consistency in maternal soothing. That maternal soothing plays little role in lowering infant responses to stress leaves open the possibilities that other maternal behaviors may mediate children's distress or that infant temperament may be related to infant stress.     

Medio lingüístico maternal y retraso mental

RESUMEN

El lenguaje que las madres utilizan con sus hijos es más lento, pausado, simplificado y redundante que el lenguaje adulto. La complejidad del lenguaje materno va aumentando con la edad del niño; estas modificaciones favorecen el desarrollo de las capacidades lingúísticas. El artículo plantea si el entorno lingúístico maternal de niños con retraso mental presenta las mismas características adaptativas. En un principio varios estudios concluyen que el entorno lingúístico maternal de los deficientes está empobrecido, pero investigaciones posteriores revelan que está normalmente adaptado al desarrollo del lenguaje en estos niños. No obstante se sugiere la necesidad de optimizar la eficacia de las interacciones padres-hijos a través de programas de entrenamiento. Estos programas dirigidos a madres de deficientes mentales han sido de gran eficacia en la aceleración del desarrollo del lenguaje.     

Aggressive behavior of children exposed to intimate partner violence: An examination of maternal mental health,maternal warmth and child maltreatment

Objectives

Over 4.5 million children each year are exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Furthermore, IPV rarely occurs without other forms of violence and aggression in the home. IPV is associated with mental health and parenting problems in mothers, and children experience a wide variety of short-term social adjustment and emotional difficulties, including behavioral problems. The current study investigated the influence of IPV exposure on children's aggressive behavior, and tested if this relation was mediated by poor maternal mental health, and, in turn, by maternal warmth and child maltreatment, and moderated by children's age and gender. Study findings highlight the indirect consequences of IPV in the home on children's aggressive behavior.

Methods

Secondary data analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted with the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW). Children were between the ages of 3–8 (n = 1,161). Mothers reported past year frequency of phsycial assualt by their partner, frequency of child psychological and physical abuse, maternal mental health, and children's aggressive behavior problems. Maternal warmth was measured by observation.

Results

IPV was significantly related to poor maternal mental health. Poor maternal mental health was associated with more child aggressive behavior, lower maternal warmth, and more frequent child physical and psychological abuse. Psychological abuse and low maternal warmth were directly related to more aggressive behavior while IPV exposure and physical abuse were not directly associated with aggressive behavior. Neither age nor gender moderated the modeled paths.

Conclusions

Expanding knowledge about child outcomes is especially critical for children who were involved in investigations of child maltreatment by child protective services (CPS) in order to identify relevant risk factors that can lead to interventions. The results identified maternal mental health as an important variable in mediating the relationship between IPV exposure and aggressive behavior. One implication is for multicomponent family interventions that could be tailored toward helping the mother cope with such mental health issues while also addressing deficits in children's social behavior development.     

The academic impact on children of maternal post-secondary enrollment

Numerous empirical studies have found that maternal educational attainment is correlated positively with desirable outcomes for children, including academic achievement. At the same time, little is known about the effect of the timing of mothers’ schooling on the same set of child outcomes. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), I find a positive effect of full-time maternal post-secondary enrollment on the reading scores of kindergarten students after controlling for child-specific, time-persistent unobserved heterogeneity. This effect is especially strong when the sample is narrowed to children with married mothers or in households where a father is present. No similar effect is found for kindergarten math scores.