关于政府在大学生就业市场设立最低工资保障的理性思考

大学毕业生出现低薪现象主要有供求总量失衡、市场歧视等方面的原因。政府在大学生就业市场设立最低工资保障，尽管在操作中会遇到一些阻力，但是是完全有必要的。因为设立针对这个群体的最低工资保障制度是政府和社会反对市场歧视的一种必要手段，是鼓励人力资本投资的必然要求，是为大学毕业生提供基本的生活保障和事业发展的基础。政府要尽快建立分地区分类别的大学毕业生最低工资指导价，正确对待高等教育的发展，对就业市场和学校教育进行必要的干预和监督。     

大学生就业歧视的各方博弈分析及对策

大学生就业过程中面临诸多歧视,性别歧视、地域歧视、学校歧视、身份歧视等。大学毕业生就业求职是学生、用人单位、政府三方参与的博弈过程,通过构建学生与用人单位以及用人单位与政府之间的博弈模型并对模型求解,根据对混合纳什均衡解的分析,提出治理大学生就业市场中就业歧视行为的对策和建议。     

新时代大学生就业歧视的消解路径——基于福建省9所在榕高校大学生的调查分析

当前大学毕业生人数逐年上升、待就业存量未消化、就业单位对学历要求标准拉高等原因,大学生就业前景异常严峻,就业歧视日趋明显并在新时代呈现出新特点,笔者总结了大学生就业歧视存在的现象,从大学生、教育行政、就业市场与高等院校四个维度分析形成的原因,最后,针对以上四个维度建构"个体调整、政府完善、高校创新、公众参与"的四位一体化的新时代大学生就业歧视的缓解机制。     

谈市场配置型大学毕业生就业机制的构建

构建市场配置型的大学毕业生就业机制,一是社会主义市场经济体制的客观要求,二是高等教育发展的客观要求,三是劳动力资源优化配置和充分利用的客观需要.对于大学毕业生市场配置型就业机制的构建,政府、毕业生、高校和社会四方面分别履行着不同的职责.政府要宏观调控,提供完善的保障体系;高校要建立完备的毕业生就业服务体系;学生要加强学习,转变观念,勇于创业;社会中介要提供专业优质的服务.     

最低工资标准对武汉市应届大学生的就业影响——基于竞争性市场的效率观点进行分析

政府设置的最低工资标准将对社会将会产生广泛的影响。本文以武汉市政府制定的应届大学毕业生就业指定年薪,对政府政策进行损益评价,依据竞争性市场的效率观点,政府进行价格控制会导致生产者的剩余损失超过消费者的剩余增加,造成无谓损失。制定最低工资标准会进一步导致失业率增加,大量人才外流,形成市场的恶性循环。     

和谐社会背景下未就业高校毕业生的生存权保障问题探讨

未就业高校毕业生的生存权保障体现了建设和谐社会对民生的关注,增强了未就业高校毕业生的就业能力,推动了对弱势群体社会保障机制的完善。要破解未就业高校毕业生面临的生存困境,有必要将未就业高校毕业生纳入政府整体保障体系,设立专项保障基金,完善信息收集系统。     

对当前大学毕业生就业中"就业歧视"现象的思考

近年来,随着高校持续扩招及我国劳动力市场的变化,大学生的就业形势越来越严峻.出现大学毕业生就业形势严峻的原因是多方面的,有政府部门的、企事业用人单位的,也有高校和大学生个人的因素.其中,用人单位对毕业生的过分挑剔,而带来的"就业歧视"更是加剧了当前大学毕业生就业难的一个不可忽视的因素.     

浅析大学毕业生就业安全意识的缺失及其培养途径

大学毕业生在求职的过程中,存在着个人信息保护意识的缺失、自身安全防范意识的缺失、维权意识的缺失以及心理安全意识的缺失等现象.这与目前大学毕业生的就业困境、就业歧视,缺乏专业化的就业指导等密切相关.因此,高校应开设就业安全教育课程,讲授就业安全防范知识,加强社会治安形势教育以及相关的法律、法规的宣传教育工作;建立就业心理疏导中心,开展各种与就业有关的心理健康教育和心理咨询活动;构建一个有效的就业安全教育引导机制等.这些成为加强大学毕业生就业安全意识培养和保障大学毕业生就业安全的主要途径.     

从国际公约与法律角度看大学生就业难与对策

世界人权宣言、就业政策公约、公民权利和政治权利国际公约、发展权利宣言与经济、社会及文化权利国际公约等国际公约对成年人的生存权、职业就业、选择权与发展权作了论述.2013年是我国大学史上毕业生最多的一年,就业形势十分严峻.我国高校毕业生就业面临不平等的法律歧视、缺少对农村户口大学毕业生的法律保护等多种法律问题.从法律的角度,提出了加快大学生就业权益保护的立法步伐、强化各地政府执法力度与提高大学毕业生运用法律,进行自我保护意识等几点建议.     

试论高校毕业生就业权及其法律保障

大学生就业日渐成为政府、高校和社会各界共同关注的热点问题.大学毕业生"就业难"有着多种复杂和深层次的原因,对大学生就业权缺乏持续有效关注、对就业权的法律保障不够重视是其中一个重要因素.因此,探究高校毕业生就业权的内容和现状,进而给大学毕业生的就业权提供有效的法律保障,显得十分必要.     

Influence of university prestige on graduate wage and job satisfaction: the case of South Korea

ABSTRACT

Obtaining a tertiary degree no longer guarantees entry to the best occupational positions in today’s labour market. Success is no longer about ‘more’ education, but about ‘better’ education for university graduates. This study aims to understand whether university prestige in Korea accounts for occupational outcomes in both monetary and non-monetary aspects, such as salaries and job satisfaction. The study particularly focuses on the way different levels of university prestige are affected by gender. The fourth wave data from the Korean Education and Employment Panel were used, providing information from the results of a panel survey of university graduates in terms of their social and academic background and job employment status. Results show that university prestige continues to matters in occupational outcomes in particular, for wage, but it is not significant for job satisfaction. The effect is more significant among male graduates than among female graduates.     

我国最低工资制度的现状分析

文章分别从最低工资标准的制定以及最低工资制度的执行这两个方面,对我国最低工资制度的现状进行了分析,并提出了有针对性的建议,包括进一步提高最低工资标准、改进地方政绩的评价体系以及加强监督管理等。     

The impact of student academic achievement on graduate salaries: the case of a leading Russian university

This paper analyses the impact of academic achievement on future salaries by looking into the grade point average (GPA)-earnings relationship for graduates of a leading Russian university. The study is based on pooled cross-sectional graduate survey data for 2014–2015. The issue of how student academic achievement impacts future labour market rewards is analysed through academic, demographic and labour market factors. We found that there is a significant positive impact of GPA on salaries of BA graduates (9–12% wage premium for an additional GPA point) and an insignificant or negative impact for MA programmes graduates. The study depicts that this negative effect can be partially explained by employment sector-specific variables. Among the main factors which positively affect earnings of graduates is work experience. Graduates who combined study and work achieve a 30% wage premium. However, there is no evidence that combining study and work affects student academic achievement, even for those who combined studies with full-time job. Despite the higher GPA of female students, male graduates’ earnings are 18% higher. Gender wage differences can be explained by gender distribution by the sector of employment: the over-representation of women in the low-paid education and science sectors and their under-representation in entrepreneurship and corporate sector.     

高校毕业生就业市场的若干思考

随着就业体制改革的深入,高校毕业生就业市场作为新的毕业生配置模式逐步形成。然而受各种因素的影响,高校毕业生就业市场还存在一定的问题。因此,通过政府、高校、社会三者共同努力来健全就业市场,对实现人才合理配置具有重要的意义。     

住房梯级消费与分层供给模式探究——基于天津市大学毕业生住房问题调查

大学毕业生作为住房夹心层群体中的成员,面临着严峻的住房问题。结合住宅过滤理论,提出针对大学毕业生的梯级消费与分层供给模型,通过对天津市大学毕业生的住房选择和住宅市场展开调研,分析并探讨其面临的住房问题以及政府相关的住房保障政策及其有效性。     

Vocational training and labor market outcomes in the Philippines

The paper analyzes the labor market outcomes of graduates of post-secondary technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Philippines. Using household data for 2015–2016, the results show significantly higher wages for TVET graduates relative to those who entered the job market with a secondary school education or below. However, individuals who both trained in TVET and pursued tertiary (university) education tend to have a lower wage than those with secondary school education or below. This counterintuitive result may be partly explained by the tendency for such dual-level individuals to complete the lowest level of TVET. Graduates of TVET are found more likely to be employed compared to individuals who only studied at secondary school or below as well as those who studied at the tertiary level.     

人力资本、社会资本与大学生就业:基于问卷数据的统计分析

本文基于2009年大学毕业生抽样调查数据,采用统计分析方法考察了人力资本、社会资本这两个因素对大学生就业的影响,得出两点主要发现:第一,在提高大学毕业生就业概率方面,人力资本和社会资本二者都重要,不可或缺;第二,决定大学毕业生起薪水平的因素,是人力资本而非社会资本,即人力资本更为重要。上述发现表明,一方面,在我国当前的高等教育劳动力市场上,工资决定机制越来越回归新古典模式;另一方面,大学生就业领域中的不公平、不合理现象仍然存在,劳动力的合理配置还不能完全通过市场机制来实现。如果任由这种不公平、不合理状况发展下去,不仅不利于社会公平的实现,从长远来说还会在很大程度上抑制人们的人力资本投资热情。     

Employer learning,statistical discrimination and university prestige

This paper investigates whether employers use university prestige as a signal of workers’ unobservable productivity. Our test is based on employer learning-statistical discrimination models, which suggest that if employers use university reputation to predict a worker’s unobservable quality, then college prestige should become less important for earnings as a worker gains labor market experience. In this framework, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate a 13% wage premium for college graduates in their first year of the labor market who were barely accepted by one of the two most prestigious universities in Chile compared with those barely rejected by these two schools. However, we find that this premium decreases to 4% for workers with 6 or more years of labor market experience. This result suggests that college prestige becomes less important for employers as workers reveal their quality throughout their careers.     

从工资到身价：大学毕业生与农民工的比较

经过从工资水平到社会处境的比较可知,大学生的总体身价是高于农民工的,“大学生身价不如农民工”的论断并不成立;大学生工资多次下降的现实并未改变其身价高于农民工的事实;“读书无用”等观点也难以成立。这有利于劳动者做出投资于高等教育的决策。而优化高等教育的培养机制则可实现高等教育投入利益最大化。     

Does Graduating from a Private University Make a Difference? Evidence from Italy

The main aim of this article is to explore similarities and differences in the institutional features of private and state universities in the Italian higher education system and to assess whether graduating from a private university conveys advantages in the labour market. In the first part we use administrative data to describe the main institutional features of the two types of university, looking at organisational aspects, enrolments and graduates, financial resources, tuition fees, and teachers' characteristics. In the second part we develop a theoretical framework looking at sociological and economic theories of education and labour market, from which we derive some hypotheses on the expected results. In the last part, we apply a propensity score matching analysis on data from the Italian University Graduates Survey conducted in 2007 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics, which provides information on more than 40,000 graduates who obtained their degree in 2004. The main results indicate that graduates from private universities are younger, have a higher socio-economic background and a slightly better previous school career than those from state universities. Contrary to a widespread belief, once accounted for self-selection into the type of university using a wide range of variables, graduating from a private university has neither a significant nor a substantial effect on employment probability, hourly wage and occupational level three years after graduation.