Review:Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS): the mechanism,present strategies and future perspectives of therapies

INTRODUCTION OF ACUTE LUNG IN- JURY/ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYN- DROME (ALI/ARDS) Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are syndromes of acute respiratory failure, which was defined by radiological (bilateral lung field infiltrates) and physiological (the ratio of arterial oxygen pres- sure and the inspiratory oxygen concentration, Pa O 2 /Fi O2≤300 mmHg for ALI and ≤200 mmHg for ARDS) criteria in…     

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome （ALI/ARDS）： the mechanism, present strategies and future perspectives of therapies

Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome （ALI/ARDS）, which manifests as non-cardiogcnic pulmonary edema, respiratory distress and hypoxemia, could be resulted from various processes that directly or indirectly injure the lung. Extensive investigations in experimental models and humans with ALI/ARDS have revealed many molecular mechanisms that offer therapeutic opportunities for cell or gene therapy. Herein the present strategies and future perspectives of the treatment for ALI/ARDS, include the ventilatory, pharmacological, as well as cell therapies.     

Molecular hydrogen is a promising therapeutic agent for pulmonary disease

Molecular hydrogen exerts biological effects on nearly all organs. It has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects and contributes to the regulation of autophagy and cell death. As the primary organ for gas exchange, the lungs are constantly exposed to various harmful environmental irritants. Short- or long-term exposure to these harmful substances often results in lung injury, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases have high rates of morbidity and mortality and have become a major public health concern worldwide. For example, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. An increasing number of studies have revealed that hydrogen may protect the lungs from diverse diseases, including acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we highlight the multiple functions of hydrogen and the mechanisms underlying its protective effects in various lung diseases, with a focus on its roles in disease pathogenesis and clinical significance.     

Effect of Palrnatine on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting activation of the Akt/NF-κB pathway

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - Inflammation plays an important role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Severe pulmonary inflammation can cause acute respiratory distress...     

Value of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculoma: 53 cases analysis and review of literature

Tuberculoma of the lung is one of manifestations in tuberculosis and usually presents as a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). It is difficult to differentiate tuberculoma from SPN by other benign or malignant diseases. At present, the crucial role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases has been well acknowledged. Here, we reported 53 patients undergoing VATS resection for tuberculomas in our series. No postoperative mortality was found and only two patients experienced prolonged air-leakage (>7 d) and two had minor wound infections that were recovered after anti-tuberculosis or antibiotic treatment. Anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy from 6 to 12 months was routinely used postoperatively. We conclude that VATS is a satisfactory tool for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculoma and can also establish a reliable diagnosis for all patients with SPNs.     

气态甲醛吸入对小鼠肺组织毒性损伤的研究

研究不同浓度的气态甲醛吸入对小鼠肺组织的病理损伤作用.以昆明雄性小鼠为实验材料,40只小鼠随机分为4组,1组对照组,其他3组分别为25%、50%、75%的甲醛溶液试剂组（小鼠全天暴露在甲醛环境中）,自由饮食,每天称小鼠体重,观察其生理、形态、行为是否有异常.四周后将其全部颈椎脱臼处死,取肺组织经HE染色后在光镜下观察其损伤情况.对照组小鼠体重增长,肺组织结构清晰,有较少的纤维化现象,肺泡壁正常;实验组小鼠均出现不同程度的肺纤维化损伤、肺泡壁增厚、毛细血管破裂、肺泡腔内出现血细胞、小鼠体重不断下降等;随着甲醛浓度的增高,肺组织病变越严重,小鼠死亡率也相对越高.甲醛吸入会引起小鼠体重减轻和肺组织纤维化,且与甲醛浓度成正相关.     

表面活性剂的应用

从表面活性剂的应用原理出发，具体阐述了表面活性剂在工业、农业、日用品三个方面的应用，同时也对表面活性剂的发展趋势作了展望。     

Effects of Surfactant on Solubility and Microbial Conversion of Steroid

Enhancing the dispersion and dissolution of substrate particles in substrate water suspension is a feasible way to improve steroid bioconversion. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of applying surfactant to microbial conversion system on the dispersion, solubilization and in turn bioconversion of steroid substrate. The model system is hydroxylation of substrate 19α- 17α-epoxy- 4-pregnene- 3.2It-dine by microbial enzymes from Rhizopus nigricanl. The results show that the presence of substrate leads to an increase in critical micelle concentration （ CMC） of surfactant PSE compared with the normal CMC of PSE in aqueous solution. The grinding time during substrate suspension preparation affects the substrate aqueous solubility differently with the varied surfactant concentrations while barely making any difference in substrate solubility in the absence of surfactant. The properly prolonged grinding time can make up for the loss in substrate solubility arising from the reduction in surfactant concentration. The surfactant complexes composed of surfactants PSE and MGE at appropriate ratios are screened out with orthodoxy experiment method. the interaction between PSE and MGE exerts the most prominent effects on substrate bioconversion, and the surfactant complexes show more beneficial effects on steroid bioconversion than the surfactant PSE used alone.     

Is there a role of TNFR1 in acute lung injury cases associated with extracorporeal circulation?

The signaling pathway for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and its receptors is up-regulated during extracorporeal circulation (ECC), and recruits blood neutrophil into the lung tissue, which results in acute lung injury (ALI). In this study, we evaluated the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) in ECC-induced ALI by blocking TNF-α binding to TNFR1 with CAY10500. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pretreated intravenously with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or vehicle (0.3 ml ethanol IV) or CAY10500, and then underwent ECC for 2 h. The oxygenation index (OI) and pulmonary inflammation were assessed after ECC. OI was significantly decreased, while TNF-α and neutrophil in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma TNF-α increased after ECC. Pretreatment of CAY10500 decreased plasma TNF-α level, but did not decrease TNF-α levels and neutrophil counts in BALF or improve OI. Lung histopathology showed significant alveolar congestion, infiltration of the leukocytes in the airspace, and increased thickness of the alveolar wall in all ECC-treated groups. CAY10500 pretreatment slightly reduced leukocyte infiltration in lungs, but did not change the wet/dry ratio in the lung tissue. Blocking TNF-α binding to TNFR1 by CAY10500 intravenously slightly mitigates pulmonary inflammation, but cannot improve the pulmonary function, indicating the limited role of TNFR1 pathway in circulating inflammatory cell in ECC-induced ALI.     

基于Android移动终端的肺音测量系统设计与实现

肺音是反映呼吸道疾病的重要参数。为方便呼吸道疾病患者随时随地自我测量与诊断,设计一种基于Android移动终端的肺音测量系统。该系统以嵌入式终端为基础,蓝牙为传输途径,Android平台客户端为核心,实现了数据采集、波形显示、数据存储功能。通过建立数据提取方法,利用希尔伯特变换对音频信号进行分析,得出肺音的频率、强度、持续时长3个参数。实验结果表明,该测量系统能对肺音准确测量,应用灵活,可满足实际需要。     

常见呼吸道感染病原菌菌群分布及其耐药性分析

目的研究临床呼吸道感染病原菌的分布和耐药性。方法对2005年1月-2006年12月襄樊市中心医院门诊和住院部送检的呼吸道感染痰标本进行细菌培养和鉴定,分离出病原菌536株,并按照NCCLS标准用K-B法对临床肺部感染患者分离的病原菌进行药物敏感试验。结果共从1327份合格痰液标本中检出536株病原菌,以革兰阴性杆菌居首位,占66.04%,对亚胺培南的耐药性最低;革兰阳性菌占33.96%,对万古霉素100%敏感。结论:引起呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且耐药菌株逐年增加,铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是引起呼吸道感染的主要细菌,且其耐药性严重,合理使用抗生素对有效控制呼吸道感染和避免越来越多的耐药菌株出现尤为关键。临床上有呼吸道感染证候的可疑患者,应做痰液标本的细菌培养和药物敏感性试验,以避免在临床上盲目用药。     

表面活性剂的HLB与其化学结构的关系

通过分析表面活性剂的化学结构与HLB值之间的关系，引用戴维斯的HLB基数，对决定表面活性剂性质的关键因素HLB进行了讨论，为表面活性剂的研究、产品开发、实际生产、综合应用提供了重要的参考数据．     

表面活性剂在光度分析中应用的新进展

本文简略回顾了我国近五年来表面活性剂在光度分析中应用的新进展,介绍了表面活性剂在光度分析中一些新方法和新体系.通过对五种表面活性剂体系的介绍对表面活性剂在光度分析中应用的发展状况和趋势有个了解.     

阴/阳离子表面活性剂混合体系性能研究

考察阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)混合体系的表面张力和乳化能力,并研究无机盐对混合体系性能的影响。实验结果显示,当m(SDS):m(CTAB)为8:2时,表面张力低至29.25mN·m-1,表现出较强的表面活性,且无机盐有降低表面张力的作用。表面活性剂混合体系对煤油具有较好的乳化能力。     

Electrochemical Oscillations Induced by Surfactants

HeZhanbopointedout[1] thatsurfactantscanbeusedtomakenewchemicaloscillatorsinaqueoussolution ,suchasbromateoscillator[2 ] andpermanganateoscillator[3] .Untilnow ,however,thereisnotanyelectrochemicaloscillatorre latedwithsurfactant.　　Anelectrochemicaloscillatorisoneofthefirstdisco veriesofchemicaloscillators .Todayhundredsofarticleshavebeenpublished[4— 6 ] aboutelectrochemicaloscillators.Theyprovidematerialstoenrichmaturetheoriesandmecha nisms[7— 8] .InourexperimentsweusedaDaniellcellasele…     

浊点萃取法用于模拟染料废水脱色研究

基于表面活性剂的浊点现象所建立的浊点萃取是一种绿色环保的萃取方法．本文选用非离子表面活性剂TX-114作浊点萃取剂,研究了由酸性大红与活性紫构成的单元和二元混合染料模拟有色废水的萃取脱色过程,讨论了表面活性剂浓度、染料浓度、盐浓度、平衡温度、平衡时间等因素对萃取效率的影响．结果表明,提高表面活性剂浓度、盐浓度有利于提高萃取效率,而染料浓度增加则使萃取效率略有下降．在由活性紫和酸性大红构成的单元和二元混合染料体系中,酸性大红的萃取脱除率明显较活性紫高,混合染料体系的萃取脱色行为与单染料体系的脱色行为相近．     

Foam separation of chromium (Ⅵ) from aqueous solution

Removal of chromium (Ⅵ) dissolved in water by intermittent foam separation was implemented with cetyl trimethy-ammonium bromide as surfactant. The influence of various factors on removal efficiency was systematically studied. The removal efficiency has a maximum value near pH 4.0; thus, most experiments were carried out at pH 4.0. The orthogonal experiment was conducted to confirm the optimal operating parameters. The orthogonal experimental results show that when the liquid feed concentration is 10 mg/L, the pH value of feed solution is 4.00, air flow rates 0.9 L/min, surfactant dosage is 300 mg/L, the maximum removal efficiency of chromium (Ⅵ) reaches 97.80%, and condense multiple reaches 1711. The kinetic test indicates that the foam separation of chromium is a first-order process. The equivalent rate constant calculated from the slope is 0.406 4, and the equivalent rate equation is obtained.     

以山苍籽核仁油为原料合成表面活性剂研究进展

本文综述了以山苍籽核仁油为原料合成羧酸盐、十二腈、烷醇酰胺、N-月桂酰基乙二胺三乙酸和含1,3-二氧六环的可断裂(降解)等环境友好的表面活性剂,山苍籽核仁油作为一种具有可再生资源优势的优良表面活性剂原料正被广泛用于生产中,有着广泛的开发前景。     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: which is better in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

To evaluate the clinic outcome of off-pump coronary bypass grafting (OPCABG) of patients with coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we collected and analyzed 1998-2002 data on 28 patients with these two diseases who had received off-pump coronary bypass operation in our hospital, and compared with data on those who also had the same two diseases but received on-pump coronary artery bypass at same time. There were no operation-related death;one died of respiratory failure 14 days after operation while staying in hospital; there were more respiratory complications in the conventional coronary artery bypass grafting group (CCABG) than in the OPCABG group; and the PaO2/FiO2 in the CCABG group was higher than that in the OPCABG group during operation because of CPB, but lower than that in the OPCABG group 6-12 hours after operation. OPCABG seemed more suitable than CCABG for coronary artery disease patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to less damage to their oxygen-exchange capability and the fewer respiratory complications.     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting versus on-pumpcoronary artery bypass grafting: which is better in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

INTRODUCTION Conventional coronary artery bypass graftin(CCABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) habeen accepted as an effective and safe treatment fomulti-vessel coronary heat disease. CPB may stilcontribute to the operation field because of threlatively easier technical requirement; but it alscauses a serious systematic inflammatory reactiowhich will lead to dysfunction of important organand higher cost for the patients. Off-pump coronarartery bypass grafting (OPCABG) has r…