从企业社会责任到企业社会回应与企业社会表现

企业社会责任研究是在不断地演变与争论中发展起来的,为克服企业社会责任概念的模糊性以改善研究的实践性与操作性,企业社会回应、企业社会表现概念相继被提出。企业社会回应的提出,代表了企业社会责任研究从道德维度转向管理维度。而企业社会表现则兼容了企业社会责任与企业社会回应,被看作是实证研究中企业社会责任测量的操作性定义,从而成为规范研究方法与实证研究方法之间的结合点。     

我国农业科研单位主要法律风险问题研究

作为事业单位法人,农业科研单位具有对外独立承担各类责任的主体资格,本文通过分析农业科研单位的法律风险主要表现形式,提出建立法律风险防控的合理化建议,为农业科研单位可持续发展提供风险决策参考。     

On the moral responsibility of military robots

This article discusses mechanisms and principles for assignment of moral responsibility to intelligent robots, with special focus on military robots. We introduce the concept autonomous power as a new concept, and use it to identify the type of robots that call for moral considerations. It is furthermore argued that autonomous power, and in particular the ability to learn, is decisive for assignment of moral responsibility to robots. As technological development will lead to robots with increasing autonomous power, we should be prepared for a future when people blame robots for their actions. It is important to, already today, investigate the mechanisms that control human behavior in this respect. The results may be used when designing future military robots, to control unwanted tendencies to assign responsibility to the robots. Independent of the responsibility issue, the moral quality of robots’ behavior should be seen as one of many performance measures by which we evaluate robots. How to design ethics based control systems should be carefully investigated already now. From a consequentialist view, it would indeed be highly immoral to develop robots capable of performing acts involving life and death, without including some kind of moral framework.     

自动驾驶汽车的“道德算法”困境

当前自动驾驶汽车发展所面临伦理困境的一个核心问题是：是否应该将道德规范嵌入算法结构以及应当以何种方式嵌入。在面对未来可能的交通事故时，屏蔽信息而依靠“道德运气”进行随机选择和基于完全信息的人工智能系统自主抉择都存在严重困难，因此应当为自动驾驶汽车预设“道德算法”。而对于如何决定“道德算法”的问题，鉴于现有道德原则间的相互冲突、道德决策的复杂性以及人类道德判断的情境化特点，基于某种人类既定的道德原则或道德规范是不现实的。     

The ethics of designing artificial agents

In their important paper “Autonomous Agents”, Floridi and Sanders use “levels of abstraction” to argue that computers are or may soon be moral agents. In this paper we use the same levels of abstraction to illuminate differences between human moral agents and computers. In their paper, Floridi and Sanders contributed definitions of autonomy, moral accountability and responsibility, but they have not explored deeply some essential questions that need to be answered by computer scientists who design artificial agents. One such question is, “Can an artificial agent that changes its own programming become so autonomous that the original designer is no longer responsible for the behavior of the artificial agent?” To explore this question, we distinguish between LoA1 (the user view) and LoA2 (the designer view) by exploring the concepts of unmodifiable, modifiable and fully modifiable tables that control artificial agents. We demonstrate that an agent with an unmodifiable table, when viewed at LoA2, distinguishes an artificial agent from a human one. This distinction supports our first counter-claim to Floridi and Sanders, namely, that such an agent is not a moral agent, and the designer bears full responsibility for its behavior. We also demonstrate that even if there is an artificial agent with a fully modifiable table capable of learning* and intentionality* that meets the conditions set by Floridi and Sanders for ascribing moral agency to an artificial agent, the designer retains strong moral responsibility.     

产业边界决策与企业战略性风险分析

从交易经济性、资源优势和不确定性角度分析了企业纵向边界决策风险,从业务间关联、共享和协同的角度分析了企业横向边界决策风险,探讨了在不同决策取向下企业在边界内外经营平衡的比较及其形成的战略性风险。     

A general concept network structure for the production of index displays

Desirable characteristics of index displays are outlined; and a single underlying structure for a production of a variety of index displays is proposed, namely a network in which both concepts and links between concepts are represented by nodes, so that information about both may be stored using the same mechanisms. Algorithmic extraction of subnetworks for local or modular use is discussed, as well as possible approaches to structuring of index displays. Some details are given on implementation to date using a DEC system-10 COBOL ISAM database, and on experimentation with display generation.     

加州自动驾驶汽车道路测试管理的特点及启示

美国加州凭借良好教育资源、科技资源、人才资源优势以及法律法规的开放性、包容性、权威性,吸引了全球各地的汽车企业、零部件供应商、科技企业、初创企业开展自动驾驶汽车道路测试,已经成为全球自动驾驶汽车路测的重要基地。通过对加州自动驾驶汽车路测管理发展突出的特点和经验做法进行系统梳理和深入分析,提出3点建议:加快我国智能网联汽车道路测试法规进程;完善推进国家级智能网联汽车测试示范区建设;定期发布智能网联汽车道路测试报告。     

机器人伦理中的道德责任问题研究

关于道德责任的承担主体及其责任分配是机器人伦理研究中一个重要问题。即使机器人拥有日益提高的自主程度和越来越强的学习能力,也并不意味着机器人可以独立承担道德责任,相反,应该由与机器人技术相关的人员与组织机构来承担道德责任。应该明确机器人的设计者、生产商、使用者、政府机构及各类组织的道德责任,建立承担责任的具体机制,才能有效避免"有组织的不负责任"现象。另外,从目前法学界关于无人驾驶技术的法律责任研究情况来看,大多数学者倾向于认为应该由生产商、销售商和使用者来承担责任,而无人驾驶汽车根本不构成责任主体。     

Polycentric organizing and performance: A contingency model and evidence from megaproject planning in the UK

This study sheds light on polycentric forms of organizing and corresponding performance implications. Organizations with a polycentric architecture supplement their internal hierarchical decision-making structures with egalitarian, local structures in order to encourage collaboration with legally independent stakeholders. We ground our study on the planning stage for four capital-intensive infrastructure development projects (megaprojects) in the UK. We first establish that megaproject planning is carried on by polycentric organizations. We show that in this form of organizing the promoter has decision-making authority over the high-order choices, but shares the authority over the local choices with groups of autonomous stakeholders. We also show how this organizational architecture addresses local disputes and pressures to relax performance targets. Our main contribution is a contingency model that proposes four conditions linking performance to polycentric organizing, whether or not: i) the institutional environment empowers an ‘umpire’ to referee disputes; and ii) the system leader can mobilize substantial slack resources to reconcile conflicting interests. We argue that the four conditions reveal very different classes of managerial problems, and draw implications for practice and policy including but not limited to megaprojects.     

水下潜器全球研发前沿识别与国家研发布局

为把握全球水下潜器领域的研发前沿、国家布局及其未来研发方向,基于水下潜器领域SCI论文和发明专利数据,采用引文网络和专利地图方法,通过定义引文网络中的高被引论文、高频词、高被引新词以及专利地图中的重要专利、高频概念词等指标,综合专家意见,对水下潜器领域基础研究前沿和技术开发前沿进行识别;同时,基于引文网络中的论文总被引次数和重要专利总被引次数,对比分析主要国家在水下潜器领域的研发布局。结果显示：全球水下潜器领域研发处于活跃状态,其中无人自治式潜水器（AUV）方向一直保持较高的热度,相关研究起步早且发文体量大、增速最快;无人潜器应用研究方面的文献被引用量高、参与单位多、发表期刊水平高;AUV布放回收、通用技术、载荷以及无人遥控潜水器在油气业的应用等方向影响力最大;中国相关研发活跃、产出丰富,但缺乏相关技术的理论研究,产品市场竞争力较弱。     

Framing robot arms control

The development of autonomous, robotic weaponry is progressing rapidly. Many observers agree that banning the initiation of lethal activity by autonomous weapons is a worthy goal. Some disagree with this goal, on the grounds that robots may equal and exceed the ethical conduct of human soldiers on the battlefield. Those who seek arms-control agreements limiting the use of military robots face practical difficulties. One such difficulty concerns defining the notion of an autonomous action by a robot. Another challenge concerns how to verify and monitor the capabilities of rapidly changing technologies. In this article we describe concepts from our previous work about autonomy and ethics for robots and apply them to military robots and robot arms control. We conclude with a proposal for a first step toward limiting the deployment of autonomous weapons capable of initiating lethal force.     

On using spheres of meaning to define and dignify the IS discipline

The question, “Is information systems a real discipline?” has taxed IS scholars for over 20 years, and they debate its identity at length. Many other disciplines are facing similar crises. This article suggests a new approach, which views disciplines in terms of what is meaningful to those who work within them. Making use of the philosophical notion of ‘spheres of meaning’, and one well-thought-out suite of such spheres, the core contribution of the IS discipline may be understood, giving it confidence among its neighbours, so as to maintain dialogue with them. Questions about identity are replaced by questions about dignity, destiny and responsibility, and strategic suggestions are offered.     

Un-making artificial moral agents

Floridi and Sanders, seminal work, “On the morality of artificial agents” has catalyzed attention around the moral status of computer systems that perform tasks for humans, effectively acting as “artificial agents.” Floridi and Sanders argue that the class of entities considered moral agents can be expanded to include computers if we adopt the appropriate level of abstraction. In this paper we argue that the move to distinguish levels of abstraction is far from decisive on this issue. We also argue that adopting certain levels of abstraction out of context can be dangerous when the level of abstraction obscures the humans who constitute computer systems. We arrive at this critique of Floridi and Sanders by examining the debate over the moral status of computer systems using the notion of interpretive flexibility. We frame the debate as a struggle over the meaning and significance of computer systems that behave independently, and not as a debate about the ‘true’ status of autonomous systems. Our analysis leads to the conclusion that while levels of abstraction are useful for particular purposes, when it comes to agency and responsibility, computer systems should be conceptualized and identified in ways that keep them tethered to the humans who create and deploy them.     

自动驾驶汽车技术轨道演进研究——基于社群识别和主路径分析的整合框架

   自动驾驶汽车技术轨道具有高度的复杂性和不确定性,对企业创新战略规划和产业政策制定带来了巨大挑战。本文基于1995—2018年自动驾驶汽车专利数据,综合运用社群分析、主路径分析等方法对自动驾驶汽车的技术热点、发展脉络和主导路径进行了系统分析,在此基础上结合主导企业战略和产业发展实践揭示了自动驾驶汽车技术轨道演进的路线、方向和驱动因素。研究发现：（1）1995年以来自动驾驶汽车领域先后形成了十个主导的技术社群,技术发展具有明显的阶段性和群组化特征。（2）自动驾驶汽车技术主导路径经历了融合-分离-再融合-再分离的过程,技术焦点从辅助驾驶向部分自动驾驶继而向复杂场景的自动驾驶技术逐渐演进。（3）当前自动驾驶汽车技术存在两种不同的演化路径和发展方向,未来的技术轨道演进将由技术、市场与政策多重因素共同决定。     

Coping with Illness Online: The Case of Patients'Online Communities

This article identifies and analyzes characteristics of patients' online communities (POC) in Sweden. Using a qualitative approach, it presents a fine-grained picture of the communities covering both the structural and cultural factors. Acknowledging the debate about quality of health information online and the potential risks of e-health, the article argues that a deeper understanding of the dynamics of POC, which offer unique aides for the coping process of chronically ill patients, can contribute to the design of the emergent forms of Internet-based health care resources.     

Ethical dilemmas are really important to potential adopters of autonomous vehicles

Ethics and Information Technology - The ethical dilemma (ED) of whether autonomous vehicles (AVs) should protect the passengers or pedestrians when harm is unavoidable has been widely researched...     

关于企业投资项目决策的初步探讨

本文首先阐述企业投资项目决策的程序,然后对我国企业投资项目决策中出现的问题加以分析,提出建立严格的投资决策责任制相关建议、重视市场分析、全面评价权衡投资风险等相关建议。     

Information system capabilities and firm performance: Opening the black box through decision-making performance and business-process performance

This study contributes to the extant literature on information management by investigating the interrelationships between information systems (IS)-related capabilities and their effects on firm performance. Using the resource-based view (RBV), a set of hypotheses is formulated to examine these links, considering the role that may be played by decision-making performance and business-process performance as mediating variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been applied to a sample of 204 firms in Turkey. The test results obtained confirm the proposed serially mediating model according to which decision-making performance and business-process performance play a critical mediating role in the human resource and administrative-related IS capabilities, and firm-performance relationships. No support, however, has been found concerning the serial mediation effect between infrastructure-related IS capabilities and firm performance.