Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change: Combining insights from innovation systems and multi-level perspective in a comprehensive ‘failures’ framework

The recent policy debates about orientating research, technology and innovation policy towards societal challenges, rather than economic growth objectives only, call for new lines of argumentation to systematically legitimize policy interventions. While the multi-level perspective on long-term transitions has attracted quite some interest over the past years as a framework for dealing with long-term processes of transformative change, but the innovation systems approach is still the dominant perspective for devising innovation policy. Innovation systems approaches stress the importance of improving innovation capabilities of firms and the institutional settings to support them, but they are less suited for dealing with the strategic challenges of transforming systems of innovation, production and consumption, and thus with long-term challenges such as climate change or resource depletion. It is therefore suggested to consider insights from transition studies more prominently in a policy framework that is based on the innovation systems approach and the associated notion of ‘failures’. We propose a comprehensive framework that allows legitimizing and devising policies for transformative change that draws on a combination of market failures, structural system failures and transformational system failures.     

绿色国民经济核算的理论问题探讨

现有绿色核算体系存在过于复杂、难以操作、可比性差等缺点,尚未形成世界各国能通用的核算体系。本文在对国民经济核算的内质属性进行剖析的基础上,提出应将可持续原则、效用衡量原则、纵横向可比原则、数据易采集原则等四大原则作为建立绿色国民经济核算体系的基本准则;其次,在传统国民经济核算体系的基础上,以四大原则为指导,尝试性地构建了一个基于社会总效用衡量的“零排放”GDP核算方法。     

我国高校R＆D知识溢出的实证研究——以高技术产业为例

区域创新体系中地理媒介知识溢出，已经成为新经济增长理论和新经济地理等学科研究的主要课题。本文依据空间计量经济学理论，运用知识生产函数模型框架，以高技术产业为例，对我国高等院校R＆D知识溢出的空间范围和程度进行了实证研究，结果表明区域内高等院校对于高技术产业的知识溢出是正向的、显著的，但溢出程度较低；相邻区域之间的高技术创新具有空间依存性，一个区域高技术产业的知识生产不仅增加自身区域的知识存量，而且会溢出到邻近区域，引起邻近区域知识存量的增加。依据实证结果，本文提出了强化知识生产与溢出的政策性建议。     

The evolution of research activity in Spain: The impact of the National Commission for the Evaluation of Research Activity (CNEAI)

This article outlines the evolution of international scientific production in Spain over the last 25 years, a period characterised by steady growth in research production. The following stages in this process are identified in accordance with some of the factors that predominated at different times. From 1974 to 1982 production increased due to causes endogenous to the scientific system itself, as scientists brought their work into line with the patterns which characterised research in other industrialised countries. From 1982 to 1991 the prioritisation of R&D by government administrative bodies represented a constant stimulus, implemented through a set of legal measures, investments and the creation of posts for new researchers. From 1989 to the present the creation of the Comisión Nacional de Evaluación de la Actividad Investigadora (National Commission for the Evaluation of Research Activity, CNEAI) and the research incentive system have provided a further stimulus, which has led to the maintenance of, and an increase in, the rate of research production in spite of the net decrease in the monetary value of research grants awarded during the last period analysed. Other special characteristics of Spanish research, such as its dependence on the public sector and its essentially academic nature, are discussed.     

城市化背景下不同水资源定价系统对中国宏观经济的影响模拟研究

中国水资源问题表现为供给不足和需求增加的矛盾日益严峻,而城市化过程是今后水资源需求持续增加的主要原因之一,也对水资源定价系统的改革带来了挑战。本研究将3种水资源定价系统分别引入可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,以城市化过程为模拟背景,比较了不同的水资源定价系统中水价变动、水资源部门间分配状况以及宏观经济变动水平。研究表明,在控制水供应总量的条件下,农业部门和城乡居民的用水需求增加,其它生产部门的用水需求减少,相对用水价格在不同系统中变化显著;不同系统对于GDP和各生产部门的影响并不显著,然而对城乡居民的福利有显著影响,平行定价系统将使农村居民获得最高的福利水平;进一步改革的统一定价系统将使城镇居民实现最高的福利水平。     

新能源装备协同智造体系及协同要素评价研究

协同理论为新能源装备智造化转型提供新思路。基于新能源装备全生命周期，试突破常规智能制造系统边界，从目标、流程、信息和资源等四个维度分析了协同智造基本活动并识别关键智造技术，将协同智造主体划分至云平台、研发平台、信息平台、制造平台、服务平台和资源平台等六个主要模块，通过关键智造技术嵌入应用构建离散式新能源装备协同智造体系，使智造主体通过各平台实现“四维协同”模式。基于“四维协同”构建新能源装备协同智造体系运行的要素指标体系，运用引入差异化权值的直觉模糊层次分析模型确定要素权重。实证表明，目标协同和信息协同是影响新能源装备协同智造的关键要素。     

基于利用视角的土地资源分类方法探讨

科学、合理、可行的土地资源分类是切实有效地开展土地资源调查、正确地制定土地资源开发利用与整治规划方案、以及科学地管理土地资源的前提和基础。本文在界定土地资源分类概念和内涵的基础上,对国外6套代表性的土地资源分类体系和国内已有的8套全国性土地分类系统进行了比较与评析,分析了中国现行土地资源分类体系中存在的主要问题,进而提出了完善中国土地资源分类体系的建议。结果发现：中国现行土地资源分类体系存在的主要问题有三,一是分类层次少,基本上只有2个层次,类型数不足,难以准确反映全国复杂多样的土地利用类型和土地利用地域分异规律,实际应用成效受损;二是分类标准混乱,同一层次存在形式分类标准和功能分类标准并存的现象,科学性和逻辑严密性不足;三是有些地类的分类标准不明确,使部分地类没有了归属,造成无类可分,与用地分类设置“不重不漏”的原则相悖。为此,提出了完善中国土地资源分类体系的相关建议,一是未来的土地资源分类体系修订须要切实坚持地类划分的6条基本原则;二是可以借鉴英美等国较成熟的4个层次分类经验,并具体提出了四级制的中国土地资源分类系统基本框架;三是认为可以参考俄罗斯的经验,将全国土地分类标准体系上升为国家法律法规,全面提升全国土地资源分类体系的严肃性与权威性。     

我国教育制度伦理研究综述

当前因教育制度缺失引发的教育不公平问题引起社会广泛关注。在社会转型期,对教育制度伦理进行研究具有重要意义。纵观我国教育制度伦理的研究成果发现,近年来对该问题的研究集中在：教育制度伦理相关概念的界定、教育制度伦理缺失的原因、教育制度伦理的价值以及教育制度伦理的建设几方面。在回顾已有研究成果基础上,提出已有研究的不足和展望。     

Implementation of a stability test of 1-D discrete system based on Schussler's theorem and some consequent coefficient conditions

Based on Schussler's theorem, some new properties of polynomials containing zeros inside the unit circle are obtained. These properties give rise to (i) a new stability test of 1-D discrete systems, and (ii) some necessary coefficient conditions that have to be satisfied by the denominator polynomial of a stable 1-D discrete system.     

Reliable H∞ output control of nonlinear systems with dynamic event-triggered scheme

This paper is concerned with the reliable event-triggered H_∞ output control of nonlinear systems with actuator faults. A dynamic triggering scheme depending on system outputs is implemented to reduce the amount of communication transmissions, which is different from existing constant triggering thresholds. The parameters of actuator faults are estimated via observer state. To compensate for the fault effects on systems, the reliable controller parameters are adjusted along with the obtained estimations. By using some technical lemmas, new sufficient conditions for the closed-loop system to be asymptotically stable with prescribed H_∞ performance are formed in linear matrix inequalities. Lastly, simulations are implemented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

Global stabilization of linear systems subject to input saturation and time delays

This note is concerned with global stabilization of linear systems subject to input saturation and time delays. Based on the Luenberger canonical form, two new decoupling methods are proposed. For the decoupled system, according to some special canonical forms, we propose two control laws for systems with input time-delays and systems with input saturation and time-delays, and give explicit conditions to ensure the global stability of the closed-loop system. Two special canonical forms contain time delays in input and state vectors, which is essential in recursive design. In addition, for the system subject to input saturation and time-delay, we introduce some free parameters when designing the controller, which can improve the instantaneous performance of the closed-loop system. Finally, the proposed approach is applied on the multi-agent system to design global stabilizing controllers and the effectiveness of the proposed controllers are illustrated by numerical simulations.     

e-Trust and reputation

Trust online can be a hazardous affair; many are trustworthy, but some people use the anonymity of the web to behave very badly indeed. So how can we improve the quality of evidence for trustworthiness provided online? I focus on one of the devices we use to secure others’ trustworthiness: tracking past conduct through online reputation systems. Yet existing reputation systems face problems. I analyse these, and in the light of this develop some principles for system design, towards overcoming these challenges. In providing better evidence for trustworthiness online, so we can also encourage people actually to be trustworthy more often, which is an ethically welcome outcome.     

The PRET A Rapporter framework: Evaluating digital libraries from the perspective of information work

The strongest tradition of IR systems evaluation has focused on system effectiveness; more recently, there has been a growing interest in evaluation of Interactive IR systems, balancing system and user-oriented evaluation criteria. In this paper we shift the focus to considering how IR systems, and particularly digital libraries, can be evaluated to assess (and improve) their fit with users’ broader work activities. Taking this focus, we answer a different set of evaluation questions that reveal more about the design of interfaces, user–system interactions and how systems may be deployed in the information working context. The planning and conduct of such evaluation studies share some features with the established methods for conducting IR evaluation studies, but come with a shift in emphasis; for example, a greater range of ethical considerations may be pertinent. We present the PRET A Rapporter framework for structuring user-centred evaluation studies and illustrate its application to three evaluation studies of digital library systems.     

基于Web Services的库存管理支持工具的设计与开发

生产一辆车需要相对多的零件并且每年每月车的销售量又是不固定的,对于车辆制造商来说零件的采购量超过生产所需时会造成因库存量而生产成本过高,浪费人力、物力以及仓库使用空间。本文提出了基于Web Services技术的库存管理支持工具,采用此工具,基本可以实现车辆制造商的零库存,生产所需的零件正好满足日常所需。采用Web Services技术的最大优点就是整合异构系统间的数据,这就打破了B/S,C/S架构的限制,特别适合服务器和客户端不在同一个区域的情况。在开发过程中采用适当的设计模式提高系统的完善性和可扩展性。     

Probability of error in digital fiber optic systems with inter-symbol interference and signal dependent additive noise

Data transmission via optical fiber is a new discipline of communication theory. The principal difference from conventional baseband data transmission, which is characterized by a signal independent additive Gaussian noise, is the existence of a signal dependent shot noise.This paper presents a technique for estimating the error probability performance of digital systems with inter-symbol interference and signal dependent additive noise. For binary antipodal (±1) systems, the approximate upper bound to the error probability is twice the lower bound. Hence either can be taken as a good approximation to the actual error probability. The technique is then applied to a model of some promising optical data communication systems and a good approximation to the error probability is obtained. Some observations about the effect of various system parameters on the error probability and some numerical examples are presented.     

面向敏捷制造的摩托制造系统产能改造仿真研究

摩托制造业面临激烈的竞争,各制造企业需改造生产体系以应对各种不确定的需求变化,而近年提出的敏捷制造为国内摩托制造企业提供了产能改造的新思路.以珠三角某摩托制造企业的生产系统为研究对象,运用计算机仿真技术,在一个真实的生产环境中设计和检验敏捷制造产能改造的绩效变化.该研究方法和研究结果对系统设计和检验制造企业的产能改造方案有一定的理论意义与实践参考价值.     

EPON技术在烟草企业视频监控系统中的应用与研究

EPON(以太网无源光网络)是一种新型的光纤接入技术,其采用点到多点的拓扑结构、无源光传输方式,在以太网基础上承载多业务。EPON网络相对其他光纤接入网来说具有较高性价比,技术比较成熟,能够为终端用户提供可靠的数据、语音和视频业务。本文在描述了EPON网络结构和原理的基础上,探讨了将EPON技术应用于烟草工业企业的视频监控系统中的实践,提出了一种系统结构,为烟草工业企业的安防系统以及生产监控系统建设提出新的思路和建议。     

Toward a global agricultural research system: A personal view

Before the beginning of this century almost all increases in agricultural production occurred as a result or increases in area cultivated. By the end of the century increased agricultural production will depend almost entirely on more intensive cultivation of areas already being ued for agricultural production. Over the next several decades agricultural research capacity must he established for each commodity of economic significance in each agroclimatic region of the world. The new system of international agricultural research institutes must be supplemented by the strengthening of national research systems. The development of national systems has however, been characterized by cycles of growth and decay. Small country research systems face severe size diseconomies. Regional collaborative networks have not been very successful, External supporl for development of national systems needs to give greater attention to enhancement of political and economic viability as well as scientific viability.     

Controller design for 2-D stochastic nonlinear Roesser model: A probability-dependent gain-scheduling approach

This note is concerned with the static output feedback control problem for two-dimensional (2-D) uncertain stochastic nonlinear systems. The systems under consideration are subjected to time delays, multiplicative noises and randomly occurring missing measurements. A random variable sequence following the Bernoulli distribution with time-varying probability is employed to character the missing measurements which are assumed to occur in a random way. A new gain-scheduling method based on the time-varying probability parameter is proposed to accomplish the design task. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional, sufficient conditions to guarantee the systems to be mean-square asymptotically stable are established. The addressed 2-D controller design problem can be reduced to a convex optimization problem by some mathematical techniques. In the last section, a numerical example and the comparative analysis are provided to illustrate the efficiency of our proposed design approach.     

二阶系统数值解耦方法的研究

数值代数领域通过保持Lancaster结构来研究二阶系统的解耦问题,但寻找解耦变换涉及到了非线性方程组求解问题,难以实现. 提出了一种二阶系统数值解耦的新方法. 根据系统解耦前后的同谱信息确定解耦后的系统,将寻找解耦变换的非线性问题转化为齐次Sylvester方程求解问题; 并利用矩阵的Kronecker积理论求解二阶系统的解耦变换. 数值试验证明了该方法的可行性,为二阶系统的数值解耦找到了更便易的实现途径.