基于撤稿观察数据库的被撤销会议文献研究

[目的/意义]研究学术文献被撤销的规律和特征对于客观认识撤稿现象、净化学术环境、加强科研诚信建设具有重要价值。当前对于撤稿的研究集中于期刊论文,很少关注会议文献。[方法/过程]以撤稿观察数据库中7579篇被撤销会议文献为研究对象,分析总结被撤销文献的时间、来源和学科分布特征以及被撤销原因和时滞。[结果/结论]会议文献撤稿与期刊论文撤稿在原因和时滞上存在重要差异,中国是会议文献撤稿的“重灾区”。研究认为,科研人员、审稿人、出版商、科研管理机构亟需共同努力,加强对于学术会议的质量控制,提高相关主体行为的规范性。     

基于撤稿观察数据库的论文撤稿国际比较研究

基于撤稿观察数据库,对2014-2018年间涉及基础生命科学、健康科学、环境科学、物理科学、商业和技术、人文科学和社会科学等七大领域的中国、美国、英国、德国和日本论文中2208篇撤稿进行分析,结果表明:各国的撤稿数量及因科研不端行为撤稿数量均呈现下降趋势,特别是中国的撤稿量明显降低,但中国因科研不端行为撤稿数量均高于其他四国,其中每万篇论文因科研不端行为撤稿在2018年已降低至0.84篇,但仍然为其他四国的2～5倍;从科研不端行为类型看,剽窃是最多发的行为;而从领域分布看,因科研不端行为的撤稿在基础生命科学和健康科学领域的比例呈现逐年减少趋势,在物理科学领域的占比逐年增加,呈现向新兴技术和交叉学科转变的新趋势.可见中国的科研诚信建设已取得很大进步,但整体的诚信环境与发达国家仍存在较大差距,应加强对发达国家尤其是德国的科研诚信建设经验研究和学习借鉴;各国应加大对科研活动中剽窃行为的打击力度,并注意提前开展针对新兴领域的科研不端潜在行为研究,为科研诚信建设、科研不端预防和监测提供方法与工具.     

NSC杂志撤销论文引用异常增加现象辨析与治理建议

【目的】 NSC杂志(Nature杂志、Science杂志和Cell杂志的统称)从创刊至今累计撤销的297篇论文后续被引频次不降反升,说明被撤销论文可能仍有一定价值,对这一现象加以辨析可为治理学术不端提供新的参考。【方法】 运用科学计量学方法,分析NSC杂志撤销论文的年度分布情况及趋势、论文撤销后被引频次继续增加的基本情况,并在研究发现的基础上展开相关讨论。【结果】 NSC杂志的总撤稿量呈动态上升趋势,Science杂志上论文被撤销后的总被引频次最高,甚至有多篇论文被反复撤销,绝大多数被撤销论文的引用都是正面引用。【结论】 被撤销论文被引频次不降反升并非异常,论文被撤销的缘由各异,其关注问题多数价值犹存,有些甚至可直接引发新的研究创新。被撤销论文学术价值不能一概忽视,而应加以合理利用。     

Governing knowledge in the scientific community: Exploring the role of retractions in biomedicine

Although the validity of knowledge is critical to scientific progress, substantial concerns exist regarding the governance of knowledge production. While research errors are as relevant to the knowledge economy as defects are to the manufacturing economy, mechanisms to identify and signal “defective” or false knowledge are poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate one such institution - the system of scientific retractions. We analyze the universe of peer-reviewed scientific articles retracted from the biomedical literature between 1972-2006 and comparing with a matched control sample in order to identify the correlates, timing, and causal impact of scientific retractions. This effort provides insight into the workings of a distributed, peer-based system for the governance of validity in scientific knowledge. Our findings suggest that attention is a key predictor of retraction - retracted articles arise most frequently among highly-cited articles. The retraction system is expeditious in uncovering knowledge that is ever determined to be false (the mean time to retraction is less than two years) and democratic (retraction is not systematically affected by author prominence). Lastly, retraction causes an immediate, severe, and long-lived decline in future citations. Conditional on the obvious limitation that we cannot measure the absolute amount of false science in circulation, these results support the view that distributed governance systems can be designed to uncover false knowledge relatively swiftly and to mitigate the costs that false knowledge for future generations of producers.     

中文人文社科领域撤销论文特征分析

【目的/意义】研究中文人文社科领域撤销论文特征,促进中文人文社科论文规范出版,为预防与治理学术 不端提供策略。【方法/过程】通过统计分析、文本内容分析和可视化方法,对103篇撤销论文的文献计量特征、撤稿 特征进行分析。【结果/结论】撤稿现象在人文社科领域普遍存在,且撤稿流程不规范;撤稿的主要原因是学术不端, 且行为更加隐蔽;学术不端的发现途径主要是读者举报,对撤销论文的处理缺少后续追责;论文撤后仍在产生学术 影响力;建议加强期刊伦理建设,规范中文期刊撤稿;重视隐性学术不端行为的防范与甄别;多部门联合开展学术 不端追责;加强数据库的撤销论文管理。【创新/局限】聚焦中文人文社科领域撤销论文,对撤稿特征进行分析,并提 出对策建议。目前该领域撤销论文数据较少,使研究结果具有一定局限性。     

自存储的需求分析

自存储是开放存取的策略之一.本文从信息产出者的科研人员、信息利用者的科研人员、科研机构、出版商、图书馆5个方面对自存储的需求进行了分析,指出开放存取对各方都是有利的.     

Interaction of libraries and publishers

Libraries and publishers have evolved together. Publishers rely on libraries as a minimum market for their scholarly products. Inflationary pressures have caused publishers to increase prices that, in turn, strain library budgets that have not increased as fast, and which, in turn, undermine the minimal demand publishers can count on, adding to inflationary pressure.A simple mathematical model for the dynamics of the interaction between libraries and publishers is analyzed. It derives a function for the supply curve of scholarly publications, and is used to estimate when an institution will have to spend as much per person on library support as on his or her salary if present trends continue. This is used to argue that present trends are unlikely to continue, but that a discontinuous shift in the production of scholarly output is likely to occur within a decade or two. Likely new forms of communication among scholars in “communicating classes” involving nearly simultaneous communication and a new kind of organized cumulative record are discussed. The implication for institutional changes not only in libraries and publishers and their interrelation but of new kinds of institutions are sketched.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

调查法在我国图书情报学研究中的应用回顾及展望

利用文献调查法、历史研究法、比较法和归纳分析法,对调查法在我国图书情报学研究中的应用情况作了回顾和展望,发现其存在的问题以及和国外的差距。认为调查法更好的应用,有赖于进一步完善我国图书情报学研究方法论体系．加强研究方法应用的教育和训练,定性和定量方法相结合,以及提高学术出版界对研究方法的重视。     

我国技术竞争情报研究文献计量分析

本文应用了文献计量分析的方法,对2006-2010年国内技术竞争情报领域发表的论文进行了统计,并针对论文发表的年度分布、期刊、著者、引文、关键词等方面进行了分析。基于分析结果,总结出我国目前技术情报研究领域的3个特点,即研究主体集中在图书情报学界、更加注重技术竞争情报理论研究、专利分析是该领域的重要内容。最后,总结出我国提高技术情报领域研究能力的几个可行途径,以适应经济全球化、市场竞争日益激烈的新时代的发展需求。     

Pathogenic organization in science: Division of labor and retractions

Science is increasingly a team activity, and the size of the teams has been growing. At the same time, there are concerns about an increasing rate of pathologies in science. The growth of team science suggests the need to look beyond individual-level explanations and focus on organizational structures and institutional contexts to explain pathologies in science. Drawing on the literature on organizational pathologies, we argue that division of labor may be a key factor contributing to pathologies in science. Furthermore, we examine the effects of high-stakes incentives and of institutional corruption as additional predictors of scientific pathologies. Using retractions as an indicator of pathologies, and drawing on a matched sample of 195 retracted papers and 349 paired papers that were not retracted, we develop indicators of the division of labor in the team that produced a paper and find that the rate of retractions is higher as the division of labor increases (net of team size). Additionally, we find that high-stakes incentives and institutional corruption are also associated with increased retractions. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for science policy, in particular for organizing team science projects.     

基于知识检索机制的网络出版模式

网络出版活动的高效开展要求传统出版商由单纯的内容提供者向知识服务者过渡,同时自身存在对网络信息资源的内在性检索需求和搜集渴望,在当前智能检索技术不太成熟,而网络出版商整体信息素质水平不高,检索能力欠缺的背景条件下,运用知识检索来给网络出版提供保障无疑是一种理想选择.本文通过对知识检索概念和特征的简要介绍,分析了网络出版在知识检索技术影响下的发展现状及其前景,并进一步提出基于知识检索机制的网络出版模式创新思路.     

科学作伪与社会调控

本文立足古今中外科学史上的若干作伪案例,在厘定科学作伪特质的基础上,运用科学社会学的相关原理,详尽剖析了其发生的外部因素,并从社会调控的视野提出了对策建议。     

开放存取对学术交流系统的影响

传统学术交流系统由科研人员、出版商、图书馆、高校和科研机构组成。随着网络和信息技术的发展,开放存取作为新的学术交流理念,在形式和内容方面出现了新的变化,对传统学术交流系统各组成部分产生了各种积极的和消极的影响,促使学术交流系统向以学术为主导的方向发展,促进了科学信息交流与利用。     

科研协同信息平台服务内容分析与服务体系构建

随着科研信息环境的发展,科学研究方式和学术交流模式进一步数字化和网络化,并且出现了越来越多富有成效的跨学科合作研究。在这种E-Research环境之下,图书馆、大学、研究机构、科技文献出版商和IT企业都在积极建设支持科研协同和共享的信息中心和网络平台。本文以四个不同类型科研协同信息平台为基础,分析现有的服务内容,结合科研协同信息空间(Research Commons)的相关研究,构建了一个以图书馆资源、工具和服务为基础的科研协同服务体系。     

Positions and rewards: The allocation of resources within a science-based entrepreneurial firm

We study the link between resource allocation and employee publication in the open science in a quantitative case study of one science-based, entrepreneurial firm. We bridge the literature on incentives with that on authority structures to argue that a positive relationship between rewards and productivity will be strongest for individuals in positions of scientific leadership within the firm. In a novel dataset, we find that prolific publishers receive greater year-end bonuses and are allocated additional direct reports, but this relationship only holds for individuals in scientific leadership roles. These results contribute to our understanding of resource allocation processes and reward structures in science-based firms.     

图书评论特征抽取研究综述

[目的/意义]图书评论是出版社、图书馆和用户研究读者观点的重要线索,评论特征抽取研究是提高图书评论观点精准挖掘效率和准确率的基础性工作。[方法/过程]分别从评论特征抽取研究和图书评论特征聚类、语义表示、隐性特征抽取的典型方法等方面对国内外研究现状进行客观分析,梳理相关领域研究发展脉络和趋势。[结果/结论]指出图书评论特征抽取效率和准确率的提高需要考虑特征聚类、语义表示和隐性特征抽取等关键问题。     

学术论文网络首发的困境及其解决路径——基于中国知网学术期刊网络首发出版发布系统的分析

【目的】 探讨学术论文网络首发中存在的困境,并提出解决路径,为期刊编辑部提供参考。【方法】 在与传统出版流程对比的基础上,以中国知网学术期刊网络首发出版发布系统为研究对象,从期刊编辑部、作者、网络出版商和期刊管理部门的角度,分析学术论文网络首发过程中存在的困境,并寻找解决困境的方法。【结果】 学术论文网络首发的困境主要体现在:网络出版商、期刊编辑部和作者三者之间的利益之争,网络出版权及其利益的高度垄断制约着期刊的发展;期刊管理政策与网络首发的内在要求之间的不匹配;现代期刊编辑角色转型带来的编辑角色失调;首发论文的校对标准之争;网络首发论文的认证、引用、评价和撤稿问题;网络首发可能导致论文多个版本共存,容易引起阅读障碍;纸刊存在价值的争议。【结论】 要破解网络首发(网络出版)的困境,最终需要平衡网络出版商、编辑部和作者之间的利益;期刊编辑需要转变为全能编辑;建立基于单篇论文网络首发的期刊出版新模式;实行以网络首发或纸刊出版为最终出版模式的单轨制出版;国家改革网络首发模式下的期刊管理办法,重点监管网刊。     

世界科学发展的若干趋势及启示

科学研究本身、科学建制及政策和研究文化,都处于发展变化之中。当前,日趋激烈的竞争和不断增加的期望正在推动大学、科研机构、资助机构和出版商的角色、职能及互动关系发生深远的变化。为此,文章在回顾科学与政府关系的演变的基础上,分析了当前科学组织化、学科融合、科学的开放性、科学的社会影响等变化,并获得相应的启示,以期为加快建设世界科技强国提供管窥之见。     

A defense of ad blocking and consumer inattention

Ad blockers are a category of computer software program, typically run as web browser extensions, that allow users to selectively eliminate advertisements from the webpages they visit. Many people have alleged that using an ad blocker is morally problematic because it is bad for content providers and consumers, and it is morally akin to theft. We disagree. In this paper, we defend an independent argument for the conclusion that using an ad blocker is morally permissible. In doing so, we respond to the criticisms that ad blocking is bad for content providers and consumers, that it is morally akin to theft, and that it violates a contract between consumers and web publishers.