运动、低氧训练与铁代谢

铁代谢的研究一直是运动科学领域的一项重要课题,本文描述了运动与铁代谢的关系,包括运动对铁代谢的影响,运动引起铁缺失的可能机制以及缺铁对机体可能造成的影响。低氧训练作为一种特殊的训练手段在国内外正逐渐流行,目前有关低氧训练与铁代谢关系的研究还比较少,本文对低氧时铁代谢的影响以及低氧训练过程中铁的补充关系进行了简单的总结与分析。     

补充外源性抗氧化剂对运动诱导的适应性变化的影响

采用文献资料法对补充外源性抗氧化剂对运动诱导的适应性变化的影响进行探讨。研究发现为了抵抗自由基的消极作用,运动爱好者常摄取外源性抗氧化剂来消除运动时产生的自由基。抗氧化剂的补充对运动带来的适应性变化有抑制作用,这可能是由于内源性细胞氧化还原状态的调节依赖于机体中复杂的自由基产生和消除系统,这些系统可以精确地调节特定的自由基。而常用的抗氧化剂不具备特异性消除自由基的能力,反而破坏了机体这些系统的调节能力,不仅消除了有害的活性氧/活性氮（ROS/RNS）,还影响了细胞适应所需的相关信号。但以往研究在探讨运动或抗氧化剂对于机体氧化还原状态的影响时,没有将氧化还原状态的个体差异考虑在内。ROS/RNS浓度对运动训练适应性和运动表现具有非线性作用,运动时产生适量ROS/RNS有利于机体对运动产生良好的适应性变化,当运动时产生的ROS/RNS未达到对机体有害的浓度范围时,外源性抗氧化剂的补充可能会影响细胞适应所需的ROS / RNS相关信号,抑制机体对运动产生适应性变化。     

一氧化氮与运动铁代谢

过去的几十年中,关于运动和铁代谢的关系已经做了大量广泛的研究。虽然目前对于运动是否会导致真正的铁缺乏或缺铁性贫血仍没有达成共识,所得的结果也不一致,但根据已有的文献分析,可以认为运动本身并不会造成所谓“运动性贫血”,但确可引起低铁状态。运动引起的一氧化氮(NitricOxide,NO)增加可能是运动性低铁状态的一个重要原因。     

骨骼肌细胞铁代谢的研究进展

铁在ATP合成、氧的转运与利用等许多生理过程中发挥重要作用.骨骼肌是机体运动中利用铁的重要器官,运动会改变骨骼肌细胞的铁稳态,骨骼肌铁缺乏或铁超载都会影响骨骼肌细胞的功能,进而影响机体的运动能力.因此运动与铁代谢的关系引起越来越多学者的关注.骨骼肌细胞膜上铁转运蛋白受体1(transferrin receptor 1,TfR1)、二价金属离子转运体1(divalentmetal transporter 1,DMT1)、膜铁转运蛋白1(ferroportin 1,FPN1)等参与了铁的摄取和释放,NO可能对运动中骨骼肌铁代谢起重要调控作用,但其具体分子机制尚需深入研究.此外,骨骼肌细胞膜上分布着参与调节肠铁吸收的铁调素调节蛋白(hemojuvelin,HJV),其在运动中对肠铁吸收的调控作用有待进一步明确.     

微量元素铁铜锌与运动

铁、铜、锌是人体所必需的微量元素,具有高度的生物活性。体内缺乏或过剩时均可影响机体的代谢和功能,甚至会引起组织结构改变,导致疾病。近年来,有关微量元素与运动的研究越来越多,尤其是铁、铜、锌。对运动员来讲,适量补充铁、铜、锌等微量元素,对预防疾病、维持健康、提高运动机能具有重要意义。     

补充谷氨酰胺对激流回旋运动员血清T／C值、血尿素的影响

观察补充谷氨酰胺（Glutamine,Gin）对10名优秀激流回旋运动员血清T／C值、血尿素变化的影响,采用对比实验的方法探讨谷氨酰胺调节机体蛋白质代谢的作用机制。实验表明：谷氨酰胺能明显抑制运动性低血睾发生,使T／C值维持在相对高的水平,谷氨酰胺对血尿素变化没有显著影响。研究认为：适量补充谷氨酰胺能够通过影响T／C值,有利于机体蛋白质的合成代谢,对于保持人体在长时间、大运动量训练时良好的机能状态,延缓疲劳发生有积极的生物学作用。     

运动性铁缺乏研究之综述

关于对运动性铁缺乏的问题在国内外很早就开始了研究，目前，运动对铁代谢的影响及其生理机制的研究已取得了一定的进展，本就：(1)运动可引起铁缺乏；(2)运动引起铁缺乏的机制；(3)运动性铁缺乏的预防及治疗；(4)运动引起缺乏机制的研究中值得进一步探讨的某些问题等方面进行综述。     

运动与血清铁蛋白

铁是人体进行正常生命活动所不可缺少的元素之一,也是人们在进行运动时所必需的物质。对于运动训练可引起血红蛋白含量的减少并出现贫血(运动性贫血)的现象,以及这种贫血状态对运动能力的影响早有研究。近年来随着体育事业与运动医学科学的发展,关于机体铁含量与运动的关系的研究     

运动员训练中微量元素铁与锌的补充

微量元素是人体必需的营养元素,铁和锌与人体运动能力的关系十分密切。铁是血红蛋白、肌红蛋白、细胞色素以及一些呼吸氧化酶的主要成分,在机体组织呼吸过程发挥重要作用;锌是多种酶的组成成分或酶的激活剂,在组织呼吸以及蛋白质、脂肪、糖和核酸等的代谢中有重要作用,是人体内必须具有结构生理功能的营养素。机体内缺铁时,引起缺铁性贫血,导致运动能力、机体免疫系统功能下降;锌的缺乏导致运动损伤和疲劳的形成,影响机体雄激素的水平,从而对运动能力产生影响。铁与锌的摄入量不足、训练过程中出汗量大和运动训练强度大等是造成运动员铁和锌缺乏的原因,应该首先从平衡膳食方面加强铁、锌的补充,多吃红色瘦肉、鱼类、蛋、动物肝脏、牡蛎、谷子等粗粮,以及营养补剂的使用,达到微量元素铁与锌的合理补充。     

谷氨酰胺对运动性免疫抑制的干预作用及其机制的研究

进一步研究运动性免疫抑制的机制 ,探讨谷氨酰胺 (Gln)在运动性免疫抑制发生中的作用 ,以及 Gln对运动性免疫抑制的干预作用及其机制。通过对大鼠进行为期 8周、每周 6次 ,每次 15 0 min的游泳训练 ,建立运动性免疫抑制的模型 ,并补充 Gln,测定机体淋巴细胞的增殖功能、细胞因子等免疫指标的变化、血清 Gln含量以及淋巴细胞凋亡的变化。研究结果表明 ,长期大负荷训练可以导致机体细胞免疫功能的显著降低 ;长期大负荷的运动训练可以导致血清 Gln含量的降低 ,引起机体抗氧化能力降低和外周淋巴细胞凋亡增加 ,可能是大负荷训练导致机体免疫功能降低的重要机制 ;在大负荷训练后补充 Gln可以有效地调节和提高训练机体的免疫功能 ,预防运动性免疫抑制的发生。     

女运动员与铁缺乏

铁对于运动员来说是非常重要的,铁缺乏一直是运动医学界研究的热点之一,女运动员由于特殊的生理特点——月经以及饮食习惯、训练、胃肠道等因素成为缺铁的高发人群,因此对于女运动员的缺铁问题要非常重视,目前女运动员缺铁的治疗用血红素铁要比非血红素铁效果要好很多。     

运动与铁代谢

铁是机体必需的营养元素.运动能造成铁缺乏,降低血红蛋白和铁蛋白浓度,导致氧运输能力和细胞的氧化代谢能力下降,从而降低运动能力.通过对铁代谢的分析,探讨了造成铁缺乏的原因及后果,并提出了预防运动员铁缺乏的措施.     

Iron balance and iron supplementation for the female athlete: A practical approach

Maintaining a positive iron balance is essential for female athletes to avoid the effects of iron deficiency and anaemia and to maintain or improve performance. A major function of iron is in the production of the oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying molecule, haemoglobin, via erythropoiesis. Iron balance is under the control of a number of factors including the peptide hormone hepcidin, dietary iron intake and absorption, environmental stressors (e.g. altitude), exercise, menstrual blood loss and genetics. Menstruating females, particularly those with heavy menstrual bleeding are at an elevated risk of iron deficiency. Haemoglobin concentration [Hb] and serum ferritin (sFer) are traditionally used to identify iron deficiency, however, in isolation these may have limited value in athletes due to: (1) the effects of fluctuations in plasma volume in response to training or the environment on [Hb], (2) the influence of inflammation on sFer and (3) the absence of sport, gender and individually specific normative data. A more detailed and longitudinal examination of haematology, menstrual cycle pattern, biochemistry, exercise physiology, environmental factors and training load can offer a superior characterisation of iron status and help to direct appropriate interventions that will avoid iron deficiency or iron overload. Supplementation is often required in iron deficiency; however, nutritional strategies to increase iron intake, rest and descent from altitude can also be effective and will help to prevent future iron deficient episodes. In severe cases or where there is a time-critical need, such as major championships, iron injections may be appropriate.     

Iron status in Winter Olympic sports

Iron status was surveyed amongst 92 Winter Olympic sport athletes from Nordic and Alpine skiing, figure and speed skating and ice hockey. Haemoglobin and serum ferritin values were obtained by physicians as part of a monitoring programme, since iron deficiency would have an adverse effect on maximal performance. Four (7%) of 56 men were anaemic (Hb less than 14.0 g dl-1) and three (8%) of 36 women had haemoglobin values less than 12.0 g dl-1. Nine men (16%) and 14 women (39%) had prelatent iron deficiency (serum ferritin less than 30 ng ml-1). Ice hockey had the lowest while Nordic skiing had the highest incidence of sub-optimal iron status. A total of 50% of Nordic women skiers had prelatent iron deficiency and 7% were anaemic. An equal percentage of women speed skaters were low in serum ferritin as well. Only one of 20 male ice hockey players was low in serum ferritin. These results suggest there would be value in instituting screening procedures for iron status in Winter Olympic Sports.     

Iron status in Winter Olympic sports

Iron status was surveyed amongst 92 Winter Olympic sport athletes from Nordic and Alpine skiing, figure and speed skating and ice hockey. Haemoglobin and serum ferritin values were obtained by physicians as part of a monitoring programme, since iron deficiency would have an adverse effect on maximal performance. Four (7%) of 56 men were anaemic (Hb < 14.0 gdl^‐1) and three (8%) of 36 women had haemoglobin values less than 12.0 gdl^‐1. Nine men (16%) and 14 women (39%) had prelatent iron deficiency (serum ferritin < 30 ng ml^‐1). Ice hockey had the lowest while Nordic skiing had the highest incidence of sub‐optimal iron status. A total of 50% of Nordic women skiers had prelatent iron deficiency and 7% were anaemic. An equal percentage of women speed skaters were low in serum ferritin as well. Only one of 20 male ice hockey players was low in serum ferritin. These results suggest there would be value in instituting screening procedures for iron status in Winter Olympic Sports.     

上海部分运动项目运动员不同季节维生素D的营养状况

目的：通过调查分析上海部分运动项目运动员不同季节维生素D的营养状况,为制定合理的预防及改善措施、科学设计运动训练计划、促进运动员身体健康并提高运动成绩提供客观依据。方法：女子足球、女子排球、女子体操共45名上海职业运动员,分别在冬季、春季、夏季、秋季的季中月末4次空腹抽取静脉血进行血清25-(OH)D水平的测试,分析这些项目运动员不同季节体内25-(OH)D水平及维生素D营养状况。结果：(1)上海女子足球、女子排球、女子体操运动员维生素D水平缺乏及不足的情况均较为严重,且不同季节间存在显著性差异,25-(OH)D整体水平秋季和春季相对较高,冬季和夏季相对较低,其中秋季维生素D正常率最高,缺乏率最低;冬季维生素D正常率最低,缺乏率最高;(2)室内项目上海女排运动员及体操运动员冬季维生素D缺乏率最高,且无人达到正常水平;体操运动员4个季节的维生素D缺乏率均明显高于女排和女足运动员,且四季均无人达到正常水平;(3)室外项目上海女足运动员秋季25-(OH)D水平最高,维生素D正常率也最高,且无人缺乏;夏季维生素D缺乏率最高,并显著低于室内项目上海女排运动员的体内水平。结论：上海部分项目运动员维生素D营养状况缺乏及不足的问题广泛存在,在夏季不同运动项目,尤其是室外项目女足运动员,及体操运动员四季维生素D不足及缺乏问题不容忽视,定期检测运动员25-(OH)D水平来评估体内维生素D营养状况十分重要。建议：(1)需加强运动员和教练员的宣传教育工作,保证运动员不同季节充足、合理的日晒时间;(2)冬季是需要补充维生素D的主要季节,体操运动员尤其要注意维生素D强化食品或适量的维生素D制剂的补充。     

运动性中枢疲劳的影响因素及其机制研究进展

运动性疲劳是一个复杂的生理现象,其发生机制主要包括外周机制与中枢机制．影响运动性中枢疲劳发生发展及恢复过程的因素很多,文章重点阐述了不同运动状态下中枢神经递质的变化与中枢疲劳、环境温度及运动对中枢机能的影响,以及营养补充促进中枢疲劳恢复的作用与机制等方面的研究现状。     

Exercise-induced bronchospasm among athletes in Lower Silesia Province

A few studies have reported data on the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in high school and university athletes. Recently published data suggest that exercise-induced bronchospasm may affect up to 39% of American university athletes. To date, no data describing this pathology in athletes from Central Europe have been published. The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in pupils attending sports mastership classes in secondary school as well as students of the University of Physical Education in Wroclaw. The participants were 77 athletes (30 women and 47 men) aged 16-27 years (mean 17.3 years). Only one athlete (1.29%) diagnosed with atopic asthma before testing experienced a fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (12.9% FEV(1)) compared with baseline, which showed that the exercise test result was positive. From a clinical point of view, the ventilation disturbance was asymptomatic. In the other participants, there were slight but statistically significant rises in FEV(1) (P < 0.02). The results of our study indicate a very low prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in the population of athletes examined.     

散手运动员赛前训练生理生化指标监测手段与方法

目的:研究散手运动员赛前训练中某些生理生化指标的变化规律。方法:选择8名男散手运动员作为研究对象,采用多时点连续采血进行测试,观察运动员赛前训练某些生理生化指标的变化规律。结果:血乳酸是反映散手运动员运动训练强度的敏感指标;血色素是评价运动员机能状态及贫血的生理指标;血尿素和肌酸激酶是监控运动员运动负荷的生化指标;血清睾酮是反映运动员的运动疲劳和选材的重要指标。     

Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes

Abstract

Incidence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation with vitamin D₂ from Portobello mushroom powder would enhance skeletal muscle function and attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage in low vitamin D status high school athletes. Participants were randomised to Portobello mushroom powder (600 IU/d vitamin D₂) or placebo for 6 weeks. Participants then completed a 1.5-h exercise session designed to induce skeletal muscle damage. Blood samples and measures of skeletal muscle function were taken pre-supplementation, post-supplementation/pre-exercise and post-exercise. Six weeks supplementation with vitamin D₂ increased serum 25(OH)D₂ by 9.9-fold and decreased serum 25(OH)D₃ by 28%. Changes in skeletal muscle function and circulating markers of skeletal muscle damage did not differ between groups. In conclusion, 600 IU/d vitamin D₂ increased 25(OH)D₂ with a concomitant decrease in 25(OD)D₃, with no effect on muscular function or exercise-induced muscle damage in high school athletes.