Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part I)

Since a 1997 review by Karageorghis and Terry, which highlighted the state of knowledge and methodological weaknesses, the number of studies investigating musical reactivity in relation to exercise has swelled considerably. In this two-part review paper, the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms underlying the effects of music are explicated (Part I), followed by a critical review and synthesis of empirical work (spread over Parts I and II). Pre-task music has been shown to optimise arousal, facilitate task-relevant imagery and improve performance in simple motoric tasks. During repetitive, endurance-type activities, self-selected, motivational and stimulative music has been shown to enhance affect, reduce ratings of perceived exertion, improve energy efficiency and lead to increased work output. There is evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can promote ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, although it appears to be ineffective in reducing perceptions of exertion beyond the anaerobic threshold. The effects of music appear to be at their most potent when it is used to accompany self-paced exercise or in externally valid conditions. When selected according to its motivational qualities, the positive impact of music on both psychological state and performance is magnified. Guidelines are provided for future research and exercise practitioners.     

Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part II)

Since a 1997 review by Karageorghis and Terry, which highlighted the state of knowledge and methodological weaknesses, the number of studies investigating musical reactivity in relation to exercise has swelled considerably. In this two-part review paper, the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms underlying the effects of music are explicated (Part I), followed by a critical review and synthesis of empirical work (spread over Parts I and II). Pre-task music has been shown to optimise arousal, facilitate task-relevant imagery and improve performance in simple motoric tasks. During repetitive, endurance-type activities, self-selected, motivational and stimulative music has been shown to enhance affect, reduce ratings of perceived exertion, improve energy efficiency and lead to increased work output. There is evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can promote ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, although it appears to be ineffective in reducing perceptions of exertion beyond the anaerobic threshold. The effects of music appear to be at their most potent when it is used to accompany self-paced exercise or in externally valid conditions. When selected according to its motivational qualities, the positive impact of music on both psychological state and performance is magnified. Guidelines are provided for future research and exercise practitioners.     

Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part II)

Since a 1997 review by Karageorghis and Terry, which highlighted the state of knowledge and methodological weaknesses, the number of studies investigating musical reactivity in relation to exercise has swelled considerably. In this two-part review paper, the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms underlying the effects of music are explicated (Part I), followed by a critical review and synthesis of empirical work (spread over Parts I and II). Pre-task music has been shown to optimise arousal, facilitate task-relevant imagery and improve performance in simple motoric tasks. During repetitive, endurance-type activities, self-selected, motivational and stimulative music has been shown to enhance affect, reduce ratings of perceived exertion, improve energy efficiency and lead to increased work output. There is evidence to suggest that carefully selected music can promote ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, although it appears to be ineffective in reducing perceptions of exertion beyond the anaerobic threshold. The effects of music appear to be at their most potent when it is used to accompany self-paced exercise or in externally valid conditions. When selected according to its motivational qualities, the positive impact of music on both psychological state and performance is magnified. Guidelines are provided for future research and exercise practitioners.     

糖尿病与运动研究进展(综述)

对于Ⅰ型糖尿病,运动可作为一种非药物治疗方式,运动在提高胰岛素的敏感性和减少体脂,进而提高葡萄糖吸收等方面已经有诸多研究证实.不管是否合并药物或营养治疗,单独采用合理的运动疗法都可能是有效的,可明显减少Ⅰ型糖尿病患者胰岛素的使用量,但Ⅰ型糖尿病患者从事运动治疗时,可能需要更多的条件和监控.本文对相关的研究进展进行了系统综述.     

谷氨酰胺·运动与免疫(综述)

谷氨酰胺是人体内重要的一种游离氨基酸。不管在安静状态下还是在运动应激状态下,都发挥着重要的生理作用。谷氨酰胺与运动员的运动能力也密切相关,短时间大强度运动对谷氨酰胺代谢影响不大,而长时间大强度运动尤其是过度训练往往使血浆谷氨酰胺浓度明显下降。谷氨酰胺又是免疫细胞的重要"燃料",运动过程中骨骼肌释放谷氨酰胺减少,血浆谷氨酰胺浓度下降,免疫细胞利用谷氨酰胺的速率受限,从而导致运动性免疫抑制。但运动后补充谷氨酰胺可以帮助恢复机体的免疫力。     

运动对细胞凋亡的影响(综述)

细胞凋亡(apoptosis)是一种由基因控制的细胞自主性死亡过程，其性质为生理性细胞死亡。细胞凋亡的研究已成为生物医学领域中最热门的课题之一。然而在运动医学中的研究尚不多见，为此就运动对细胞凋亡影响的一些新的研究进展进行了综述。     

运动性心肌肥大的信号转导通路(综述)

综述了近年来生理界和运动生理界关于心肌肥大的机制及其有关的信号转导途径的若干研究，初步探讨运动性心肌肥大可能存在的信号转导通路，以期有助于阐述运动性心肌肥大的细胞分子机制。     

Control of ventilation during submaximal exercise: a brief review

This review discusses the leading hypotheses concerning ventilatory control during submaximal exercise. The ventilatory response at the onset of submaximal exercise has been studied extensively. It is generally agreed that expired ventilation (VE) increases rapidly at the initiation of exercise followed by a slower increase in VE until a steady state is reached. In general, there are four schools of thought concerning the mechanisms that are responsible for the exercise hyperpnoea. Two of the hypotheses relate the increase in VE to neural regulation. One group argues that the increase in VE during work is primarily due to afferent neural feedback to the ventilatory control centre while the other group proposes that efferent neural activity can explain the hyperpnoea. A third group of hypotheses submit that humoral mechanisms must be actively involved in the increase in VE during exercise. The leading hypothesis in this area is based on experiments that suggest that CO2 return to the lung provides a stimulus for ventilatory control. Finally, the fourth supposition is that the exercise hyperpnoea may be due to both neural and humoral mechanisms. In summary, although there is persuasive evidence that both humoral and neural factors may play a role in mediating the exercise hyperpnoea, the basic question of whether the response is due solely to humoral or neural mechanisms remains unresolved.     

Trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research: a bibliometric review study

Bibliometric methods were used to examine: (1) research themes in sport and exercise psychology articles published between 2008 and 2011; and (2) the intellectual base of the field of sport and exercise psychology, defined as influential literature being cited in these articles. The dataset consisted of 795 articles from five sport and exercise psychology journals and 345 articles obtained through citation-based extension (n = 1140 articles). A cluster analysis yielded 73 clusters showing themes in sport and exercise psychology research. Principal component analysis was used to identify and analyze relationships between 14 highly cited research areas constituting the intellectual base of sport and exercise psychology. Some main findings were: (1) the identification of many re-emerging themes, (2) research related to motivation seems to be extensive, (3) sport psychology and exercise psychology research share theoretical frameworks to some extent, however (4) differences compared to previous reviews indicate that sport psychology and exercise psychology may be regarded as two distinct research fields, rather than one united field, and (5) isolated research areas were identified indicating potential for research integration. Suggestions for future research are provided. The bibliometric approach presented a broad overview of trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research.     

神经递质和调质对运动性中枢疲劳影响的研究进展(综述)

肌肉疲劳是一种很复杂的现象。随着新技术的应用和神经生物学研究的发展，运动性中枢(CNS)疲劳的研究也取得了突破性进展。现已提出了几种解释中枢疲劳的生物机制，其中涉及到了一些中枢神经递质和调质，就此对这一领域的最新研究进展作一综述。     

Immune nutrition and exercise: Narrative review and practical recommendations

Abstract

Evidence suggests that periods of heavy intense training can result in impaired immune cell function, and whether this leaves elite athletes at greater risk of infections and upper respiratory symptoms (URS) is still debated. There is some evidence that episodes of URS do cluster around important periods of competition and intense periods of training. Since reducing URS, primarily from an infectious origin, may have implications for performance, a large amount of research has focused on nutritional strategies to improve immune function at rest and in response to exercise. Although there is some convincing evidence that meeting requirements of high intakes in carbohydrate and protein and avoiding deficiencies in nutrients such as vitamin D and antioxidants is integral for optimal immune health, well-powered randomised controlled trials reporting improvements in URS beyond such intakes are lacking. Consequently, there is a need to first understand whether the nutritional practices adopted by elite athletes increases their risk of URS. Second, promising evidence in support of efficacy and mechanisms of immune-enhancing nutritional supplements (probiotics, bovine colostrum) on URS needs to be followed up with more randomised controlled trials in elite athletes with sufficient participant numbers and rigorous procedures with clinically relevant outcome measures of immunity.     

The influence of exercise and physical fitness status on attention: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

Background: Exercise helps many aspects of cognition, but at this time no review has summarized the literature on the association of exercise and physical fitness with attention. Method: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. After inclusion criteria assessment, a final pool of 44 articles was included. A number of behavioral and neurophysiological indices of attention were examined. Results: The majority of studies showed an increase in performance of attention. Acute exercise results in greater enhancement of attention in those who are active. There was an association of aerobic fitness and attention in the young and old, but not in young adults. Aerobic exercise training interventions generally resulted in positive changes, while some resistance training studies detected no evidence of an effect. Not all forms of exercise were effective. Shorter interventions were inferior with respect to longer ones. Most studies were rated with a moderate methodological quality. Conclusion: There is an association of aerobic exercise (acute and chronic) and aerobic fitness with attention. Future research should determine the dose and mechanisms by which different forms of physical activity and exercise may influence the development of different components of attention along the lifespan.     

Winter Olympic Games,cities, and tourism: a systematic literature review in this domain

The purpose of this study is to present the current state of scientific knowledge on the Winter Olympic Games (2000 to present-day) and their urban and tourism-related impacts. To achieve this, a scoping review was performed using established methodology. Of the 1694 English and French peer-reviewed sources identified from 14 different databases, 47 met the specific inclusion criteria and were retained for analysis. Findings were divided into three sections according to our objectives: (1) methodological profiles of the selected articles; (2) urban impacts; (3) tourism-related impacts. First, the reviewed sources – mainly qualitative – generally showed that mega-events such as the Winter Olympic Games are a catalyst for the urban renewal of host cities. However, these urban transformations must be part of a global scenario to ensure long-term viability. Although research shows that the Games represent an opportunity for the development of the tourism industry, the scoping review showed mixed results in terms of tourist flows and the enhancement of the city’s image. The concluding remarks identify the limitations of this study and offer opportunities and areas of research regarding the next Winter Games.     

Genetic research and testing in sport and exercise science: A review of the issues

Abstract

This review is based on the BASES position stand on “Genetic Research and Testing in Sport and Exercise Science”. Our aims are first to introduce the reader to research in sport and exercise genetics and then to highlight ethical problems arising from such research and its applications. Sport and exercise genetics research in the form of transgenic animal and human association studies has contributed significantly to our understanding of exercise physiology and there is potential for major new discoveries. Researchers starting out in this field will have to ensure an appropriate study design to avoid, for example, statistically underpowered studies. Ethical concerns arise more from the applications of genetic research than from the research itself, which is assessed by ethical committees. Possible applications of genetic research are genetic performance tests or genetic tests to screen, for example, for increased risk of sudden death during sport. The concerns are that genetic performance testing could be performed on embryos and could be used to select embryos for transplantation or abortion. Screening for risk of sudden death may reduce deaths during sporting events but those that receive a positive diagnosis may suffer severe psychological consequences. Equally, it will be almost impossible to keep a positive diagnosis confidential if the individual tested is an elite athlete.     

锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn—SOD）与运动

Mn—SOD是抵御线粒体氧化损伤的关键性屏障,为延缓运动性疲劳及预防运动性损伤发挥着重要的生理学作用。因此,本文通过查阅相关文献,从Mn—SOD的一般生物学特性及急性和慢性运动对抗氧化酶Mn—SOD的影响等方面进行阐述,为更好地认识Mn—SOD在不同运动方式中的变化特点及其作用提供参考和借鉴。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病及其运动处方

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(NIDDM，Ⅱ型)发生、发展的重要因素之一是由于多食、肥胖、运动不足，导致身体组织无法正常利用葡萄糖。因此，适宜的运动对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者是有益的。Ⅱ型糖尿病患者运动时运动强度以采用中等强度较为适宜，这对降低血糖和尿糖有明显作用。运动中有效的保持时间必须达到10—30min，同时注意运动时间和运动强度配合。     

Interpretive qualitative synthesis in the sport & exercise sciences: The meta-interpretation approach

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the interpretive synthesis of qualitative research in the sport and exercise sciences. The paper discusses the “meta-interpretation” approach which attempts to maintain an interpretive epistemology congruent with the majority of primary qualitative research. The paper reviews and evaluates eight research methods or approaches that include some form of synthesis and that are and have been widely used in sport, health and exercise research (literature review, systematic review, meta-analysis, meta-ethnography, grounded theory, cross-case comparison, secondary analysis of primary data, and interpretive phenomenological analysis). The key features of each approach are drawn out, and their implications for the meta-interpretation approach are discussed. The paper then outlines the procedure for meta-interpretation before concluding with some comments on the functions of synthesis in general and meta-interpretation in particular.