黄宗羲“天下之法”的法律思想探析

黄宗羲十分重视"法治",提出了"有治法而后有治人"的主张,其在批判君主专制的基础上,进一步提出了以"天下之法"代替"一家之法"的要求,同时提出了君臣共治、地方分权和学校议政等建立"天下之法"的具体措施。     

黄宗羲法的思想对当代法制建设的启示

黄宗羲作为生活于明清之际天崩地解时代的思想家,其政治思想始终与自身的政治实践和时代背景相关联,尤其对于"法"的思想探讨更是体现出近代民主法治的意味。黄宗羲认为有别于私天下的三代以下之法,三代之法是符合公天下的立法本意的,这样的法具有宽松而不繁密的特点,能够最大程度上实现社会的安定和谐。黄宗羲又提出"有治法而后有治人"论断,认为法治先于人治能够最大程度上保证社会的公平正义,能够弥补德治和人治的不足,同时不放松对于执政者和执法者的德才要求。黄宗羲对于法治优先性的强调以及对于德治优点的兼顾对当今的民主政治建设具有重要的借鉴意义。     

黄宗羲反君主专制思想解读

黄宗羲在<明夷待访录>中集中表达了他反君主专制的思想.首先,他认为"天下为主,君为客";其次,对君主专制制度之下的君、臣、帝王之法及相关政策的批判;最后.黄宗羲围绕君权的监督与制衡问题进行了一系列很有力度的反思,提出了"有治法而后有治人"、"以宰相而摄天子"、"公其是非于学校"等主张.黄宗羲的政治思想既不可与西方近代的民主启蒙思想相提并论,也不能简单的归为儒家民本论,而有着独特的内涵.     

《察令》试析

《察今》选自《吕氏春秋·慎大览》。它的中心论点是“世时移,变法宜矣”。它赞扬秦始皇继承并发扬商鞅变法图治的精神,反对“法先王之法”的政治主张。本文开宗明义地指出:“上(指“今上”,即“当今的国君”)胡不法先王之法?非不贤也,为其不可得而法”,肯定秦始皇“不法先王之法”是有理的、正确的,否定“今世之主(这里的“主”,视作动词,译为“主张”)法先王之法”。文章主旨鲜明、逻辑严密、针对性强。它指斥那班“言利辞倒,不求其实”的“天下之学者”是     

由“小聪明”想到的杨修之死

《三国演义》中的曹操,是一个集“功首罪魁”于一身的两面人物。他有治世安天下的雄才大略,同时又妒才嫉能,老奸巨猾,阴险残诈。在第七十二回“诸葛亮智取汉中,曹阿瞒兵退斜谷”里,聪明、善说、学问深、有才华的杨修就在曹操手下死于非命。原作者把它归之为身死因才误——耍小聪明,恃才放旷。我认为这样的评     

《原君》浅析

《原君》是十七世纪中国著名思想家,历史学家黄宗羲的政论集《明夷待访录》的开宗明义篇。全书包括《原君》、《原臣》、《原法》等阐发民主、平等思想的篇章,是我国历史上第一部把批判的矛头直指君主专制及其理论基础的论著,它鲜明地体现了近代民主思想。作者幻想以“凡君之毕世而经营者,为天下也”(《原臣》),为臣“之出而仕也,为天下也,非为君也“(《原臣》),及建立“为天下之万民”的“天下之法”(《原法》)等政见,得到     

浅议《石涛画语录》"一画论"

石涛是中国美学史上最伟大的绘画美学家之一,他的《画语录》是清代最重要的绘画美学著作,“一画之法”作为《画语录》的中心论题,则是这种追求的集中体现。本文重点对“一画之法”“道”的含义和“技法”的含义进行论述。     

楚国与雅典法律比较

目前所知楚国和雅典都有体系不太完善的法律：楚国有《仆区》之法、《训典》、《祭典》、《鸡次之典》、《茅门之法》、《覆军杀将法》、《将遁之法》等;雅典从德拉古立法开始,经梭伦、庇西特拉图、阿菲埃尔特、克里斯提尼、伯里克利的立法改革,成文法尤其是公法不断发展,使贵族特权逐渐被剥夺,成为公民行使民主权力的有力保障。两相比较,我们发现,二者的法律起点是大致相同的,但因发展方向的不同而形成各具特色的法律文明。     

黄宗羲的民本政治思想及治国方略

黄宗羲的政治思想,具有明显的反对君主专制的民主主义特质,其进步性是无可置疑的。他的政治思想中所渗透的治国方略,如主张限制君权、实行地方分治、“工商皆本”、“有治法而后有治人”、学校议政、重相重儒,取士制度应宽取严用等,也都是颇有价值的思想主张。     

《诗》之《风》与《南风》

自来论诗,少有论及《风》之源者。据《尚书·舜典》:帝舜命夔“典乐、教胄子。”于是夔“击石拊石,百兽率舞”,“萧韶九成,凤皇来仪。”此谓歌南风之诗及其效果。于是便有歌南风诗可以治天下说。《史记·儒林传》:“盖闻导民以礼,风之以乐。”又《乐书》:“昔者舜作五弦之琴,以歌南风;夔始作乐,以赏诸侯。”《礼记·乐记》亦有同样记载。《乐书》并谓舜弹五弦,“歌南风之诗而天下治”,“夫南风之诗者,生长之音也,舜乐好之,乐与天地同意,得万国之疆心,故天下治也。”这不仅说明了南风诗的源起,而且说明了南风诗有治天下的重要作用。治天下,自然是古人夸大了,不过我们的祖先很早就发现了诗歌和音乐陶冶人的思想情操的作用,不能不说是有很强的观察力。诗何以谓为“南风”,《礼记·乡钦酒义》:“宾必南乡,东方者,春之为言蠢也,产万物者,圣也。南方者夏,夏之为言假也,养之长之假之,仁也。……”史公亦云:“南风,     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.