网络信息过滤对美国公共图书馆的影响

本文分析了美国《儿童互联网保护法》及相关政策对美国公共图书馆的影响，指出安装过滤软件在美国公共图书馆引发的种种问题。     

Book Circulation Per U.S. Public Library User Since 1856

ABSTRACT. Underappreciated data concerning libraries' holdings and circulation over the past century and a half offer insights into the behavior of libraries and their users. Book circulation per public library user indicates an outcome of users' demand for books and libraries' supply of books. From 1856 to 1978, library users borrowed from U.S. public libraries about 15 books per user per year. From 1978 to 2004, about 25% of book circulation shifted to audio‐visual circulation. Over about a century and a half, library book circulation per user shows no strong, long‐run trend either up or down. This outcome suggests that libraries have adapted to maintain the stability of their operation and that library borrowing practices are well‐embedded in popular life.     

县级公共图书馆的出路

我省县级公共图书馆应该做好宣传工作,提高服务水平,充分利用共享工程,尝试多种办馆形式。     

1945—1952年美国占领期间日本公共图书馆的改革历程

年到1952年美国占领日本期间,盟军总部通过设立CIE图书馆,设置图书馆担当官,推动图书馆立法和促进专业队伍建设等举措,在以图书馆担当官为核心、日本政府具体执行、图书馆界参与的体制之下,对日本公共图书馆理念、服务、运营和人才培养等多方面进行现代化改造,打造新的公共图书馆体系。这是日本图书馆发展史上的重大事件。美国出于自身利益考虑,转变占领初期支持民主改革的政策,影响到改革的进程。改革在1946年起步,在历经起步、展开与转折、收尾的主要阶段之后,1950年《图书馆法》正式出台,标志着改革基本结束。总体上,日本公共图书馆的转型较为成功,但是也存在一些问题。改革是战后美国文化输出的具体例证。     

探索公共图书馆的使命:英美历程借鉴

本文回顾了英美公共图书馆在一个半世纪的发展历程中对自身使命的探索；它将整个过程划分为以下阶段：在“图书馆信仰”中产生，在经验主义考察中走向理性，在职业乐观主义背景下扩张，在功能设计中优化，在社会影响力驱动下巩固；总结了图书馆职业在回答“公共图书馆的使命究竟是什么”的问题时的几度彷徨和迷失；指出在任何时候，公共图书馆对自身使命的认识都可能存在局限，重要的是，公共图书馆不被自己的局限捆住手脚，失去探索的能力。     

The Policy Implications of Internet Connectivity in Public Libraries

The provision of public Internet access and related networked services by public libraries is affected by a number of information policy issues. This article analyzes the policy dimensions of Internet connectivity in public libraries in light of the data and findings from a national survey of public libraries conducted by the authors of this article. After providing a summary of the study methodology and findings, this article examines key policy issues that include the nature of sufficient bandwidth and broadband, the perpetuation of the digital divide of Internet access in libraries, the role of libraries as e-government access points, the complexities of funding Internet access, the impacts and contradictions of filtering, and the chilling effect of homeland security legislation in public libraries. This article concludes with a discussion of how examining these policy issues can lead to a better understanding of public libraries and the Internet access they offer within the context of public policy.     

公共图书馆公共关系发展对策研究

公共关系被称为信息社会的＂润滑剂＂和＂催化剂＂,公共图书馆也需要借助公共关系来树立自身良好的形象。公共图书馆开展公共关系工作可以增加经费、增进人们对公共图书馆的了解、提高公共图书馆的社会效益、塑造与改善公共图书馆的形象。公共图书馆为了进一步开展公共关系工作,必须加强危机公关、提供优质服务,加强与政府的沟通,加强行业宣传、形象宣传及网络宣传等。     

Public Library Patrons and Selected Social Issues

From 1971 to 1986 the proportion of adult library users grew from 24% to 40%. Users today are better educated and more homogenous in income than in 1971. Much of the growth in user population is due to the new buildings, programs and media made available since 1971. The need for microcomputer support services can be seen to be growing rapidly. Although users are better informed than nonusers, they are fairly alike in their attitudes toward such issues as capital punishment and the effect of alcohol on driv- ing. Some attitudes may indicate need for more information that might be provided by public libraries.     

关于《公共图书馆服务规范》编制的若干问题

<公共图书馆服务规范>(以下简称<规范>)是由国家文化部提出并归口组织编制的国家标准.<规范>的框架结构由前言以及范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、总则、服务资源、服务效能、服务宣传、服务监督与反馈等八个部分组成.本文介绍了<规范>编制的概况,分别从公共图书馆、公共文化服务体系、全球图书馆事业等不同视角进行了阐述和分析研究.     

Public Radio at a Crossroads: Emerging Trends in U.S. Public Media

While useful in establishing U.S. public media, the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 is an imperfect instrument for moving public radio to a secure future. Policies governing public broadcasting are insufficient to address the economic, political, social, and technological changes upending media organizations, both commercial and non-commercial. The urgent need is for more flexible structural arrangements as public radio and public television stations merge, partner with non-profit media entities, and seek funding that builds on the strength of the local public radio network as well as responds to the demand for imaginative, on-demand content from national networks.     

为生存而战：美国公共图书馆面向图书馆经费投票的营销活动

在美国,地方的图书馆预算投票是美国公共图书馆继续生存的关键。文章以图书馆面向这些投票的营销举措为线索,介绍了美国公共图书馆在经费投票中的处境和举措,尤其是OCLC的Geek the Library项目以及Every Library项目在更大的图书馆社区中的努力。     

利用Internet免费查找美国专利

结合自身实践经验,本文全面介绍了Internet中美国专利书目数据库的特点,对数据库的整个检索过程做了全面介绍,并详细论述了使用其数据库的检索方式和技巧。     

中美公共图书馆建设模式比较研究

文章从设施水平与发展过程、地方图书馆组织形式、系统运作、行政管理地方化等四个方面,和全国、地方两个层面,分析美国公共图书馆建设模式,对比中国设定公共图书馆服务体系建设目标、图书馆发展路径、系统协作、推行行业标准等方面提出相应建议。     

美国舆论战在现代局部战争中的特点及策略

20世纪90年代以来，以美国为首的北约先后打响了海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争四场现代局部战争。在这四场战争中，舆论战作为信息化战争时期的一种作战模式，与军事战紧密配合舆论战，主要以敌方意识形态为目标，通过各种媒介或渠道，运用意识渗透、政治进攻、舆论诱导等策略鼓舞士气，凝聚民心，分化瓦解敌对势力，争取国际社会支持，令其发生有利于己而不利于敌的变化，从而达到“不战而屈人之兵”的目的。它是达成国家战略目的不可或缺的重要手段之一。     

Information Policy Issues and Access to U.S. Government Information

During the end of 1988 and through the Summer of 1989, a flurry of activities occurred as Congress considered legislation regarding management of and access to U.S. government information. This paper identifies and discusses a range of policy issues that evolved from these activities and are likely to affect access to U.S. government information in the immediate years ahead. The paper stresses the importance of addressing these policy issues and offers suggestions for resolving them as a means for increasing access to government information.     

美国图书馆员职业资格认证体系

总结美国图书馆员职业资格认证的方式和特点,着重介绍美国图书馆协会高等教育认可和不同类型图书馆员的认证,指出存在的问题及对我们的借鉴之处。参考文献14。     

Progress and problems in declassifying U.S. government records

For the first time ever, Executive Order 12958 signed in 1995 established a process to greatly reduce the huge number of classified federal records accumulated since world war II. Although some progress was made under it, subsequent orders and legislation significantly decreased its effectiveness. The U.S. government must take certain actions now to reverse this trend.     

中美高校图书馆用户教育的比较研究

本文通过对中美两国10所高校图书馆Web站点的调查，对他们的用户教育计划从教育方式、教育内容、教育对象等几个方面进行了比较分析，并提出了若干建议。