日本研究生教育改革的“通识化转向”

日本传统的研究生教育以“培养科研人才”为核心目标,特别是在博士课程阶段,主要采用以导师指导为中心的“研究室”教育模式。随着时代的发展,传统研究生培养模式愈来愈不能适应社会对多样化人才的需求。为提高研究生教育质量,化解就业矛盾,自2005年始,日本文部省展开了新一轮研究生教育改革的讨论,反对狭窄孤立的专业教育,强调广泛视野及各种通用能力的培养,关注体系化的研究生教育课程的构筑等成为本轮改革的新亮点。在文部省政策的指引下,一些大学尝试在研究生院开设通识教育课程。日本研究生教育由此开始了“通识化”的转向。     

中日研究型大学研究生教育比较研究

通过分析比较中日研究型大学的教育现状,从学制、导师制、经费来源以及合作交流等四个方面对中日研究生的培养模式及管理方法进行对比,从中得到启示和借鉴,提出我国研究型大学在研究生教育中应注重加强人才培养目标的定位、创新能力的培养、学校管理力度以及国际合作交流等方面。     

Hegemonic Exceptionalism and Legitimating Bet‐Hedging: paradoxes and lessons from the US and Japanese approaches to education services under the GATS

In this paper we consider the negotiating positions adopted by the US and Japan for the liberalisation of trade in educational services under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). We argue that the US adopts a position of hegemon and freerider in the development of a liberalisation regime in education. The aggressive character of the US position is profoundly influenced by: (1) a strong federal government level faith in service liberalisation; (2) high levels of domestic privatisation in the fields of higher education, training, testing and evaluation; (3) active lobbying by educational services providers. Nonetheless, the US is cautious about allowing foreign competition into domestic education markets. This stems in part from active resistance of the public education sector; and in part because of the delicate jurisdictional questions it would raise given the constitutional right of states to control educational policy. Ironically, US reticence also seems to be related to the relatively high levels of private educational expenditures in the US. In contrast, the Japanese government's approach is motivated primarily by bet‐hedging and legitimation concerns. Japan is not a net‐exporter of educational services and cannot be said to have comparative advantage in this field. However, three things seem to be influencing what might be seen as Japan's surprising decision to join the group of only four (World Trade Organization)WTO member nations who have submitted negotiating proposals for trade in educational services. First, the Japanese are strongly interested in the expansion of trade in other service areas, and may be willing to negotiate in education in order to further negotiations in these other areas. Secondly, Japan's decade‐long economic crisis has contributed to an important policy shift in the government's plans for higher education. Questions about the relevance and competitiveness of Japanese higher education have recently led the Japanese government to commit itself to this sector's ‘internationalisation’. To this end the government is also considering legislation that allows for the accreditation of 282 K. Mundy & M. Iga foreign higher education within Japan. Nonetheless, the Japanese government's negotiating proposal on trade in educational services is much more tentative than that presented by the European Union (EU) and New Zealand, for example. Japan places unique emphasis on the importance of regulatory control mechanisms for foreign service providers. As in the US, at least some part of the Japanese reticence seems to be driven by relatively high levels of private educational expenditure in the country. This paper is organised as follows. In Sections I‐V we briefly trace the history of the WTO, the GATS, and the inclusion of educational services in the GATS. Here we emphasise the strong role played by the US in the inclusion of services in international trade negotiations, and its part in the collapse of ‘embedded liberalism’ as a foundation for a multilateral trade regime. We also look briefly at the contentious aspects of the current round of negotiations in the education sector and describe their current state of play. In Sections VI and VII, we look more closely at the political economy of the negotiating positions adopted by the US and by Japan. We situate the negotiating approaches of these two countries within a comparative analysis of their relative share of current trade in educational services. In our concluding section, we begin to answer two questions. First, what theoretical framework best explains the content and direction of the American and Japanese negotiating frameworks? Second, what can the negotiating positions of these two important WTO members tell us about the overall direction and likely outcomes of the Doho round of negotiations on educational services?     

日本教师教育研究生院课程体系述评

日本文部科学省为适应社会经济变革、以学生"生存能力"为培养目标的教育改革以及培养教育领域高层次专门人才的要求,在各大学设立了教师教育研究生院。其教师培养课程体系的基本框架包括两部分,即确定以实践能力为核心的教师教育培养目标和由必修课程、学科领域的选修课程及学校现场的教育实习构成的研究生层次的教师教育课程体系。其借鉴意义在于,研究生层次的教师教育应以培养"实践能力"为目标,应强化实践性、应用性课程内容。     

民办本科高校宜将学历教育与高职教育相结合

近几年，民办高等教育发展迅速，实施本科学历教育的民办高校已达25所（不含独立学院）。困扰全国高校毕业生就业难的问题，在民办本科高校同样存在。为了增强毕业生的就业竞争力，民办本科高校宜将本科学历教育与高等职业教育相结合，使毕业生的综合素质与社会人才需求接轨。为此，民办本科高校要转变教育观念，明确培养目标，改革育人模式。     

The impact of education reform on the quality assurance system in Japan

International assessment studies have shown since decades that Japanese students score highly on math and science tests. As a consequence, many scholars, education policy officials and journalists outside Japan share the opinion that quality of education is ensured and turn to the Japanese educational system to identify educational effectiveness enhancing factors. Simultaneously, a sense of educational crisis exists within Japan, which resulted into numerous education reforms. In this paper, we describe how quality in education has been ensured in Japan, what changes in the assurance of quality are brought forth by the most recent wave of reform measures as well as the reaction of scholars toward these measures.     

20世纪80年代末以来日本研究生教育政策研究

长期以来,日本高等教育以本科教育为主,对研究生教育的重视程度不高.从20世纪80年代末开始,受国内外诸多因素的影响,日本国内掀起了研究生教育改革的高潮,日本研究生教育政策从规模化、多样化、高度化和重点化方面出发,极大地促进了研究生教育的发展.本文尝试对日本研究生教育政策的背景和内容进行分析,并考察其政策的特征及效果.     

日本研究生教育发展研究

自20世纪90年代以来，发展研究生教育成为日本教育改革的重大课题之一。日本大学审议会提出研究生教育要向规模化、多样化发展的战略，因此现在日本的研究生教育正在向规模化、多样化方向发展。分析日本研究生教育制度和职能的变化以及质量与规模的平衡，对于我国的研究生教育具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Globalisation and national identity: a reflection on the Japanese music curriculum

This article investigates the relationship between globalisation and national cultural identity through Japanese educational policies for music. Japan is often referred to as a society that provides a model of cultural hybridisation that is a phenomenon in globalisation. However, what actually happened in Japan was not hybridisation, but the replacement of traditional music with western music in the process of the re‐construction of national musical culture. Even the recent state emphasis on Japanese elements in music teaching can be interpreted as no more than an attempt to further transform Japanese music culture so that it will resemble that of Europe.     

Religious Education Leading to Higher Education for Women: Historical Insights on Modern Japan

This article discusses what kinds of religious education led to the improvement of women's status and the realization of higher education for women in modern Japan, by reconsidering the educational views of Jinzo Naruse (1859–1919), both a pioneer of Japanese women's education and a promoter of the Concordia movement (1912–1941), within the national context. Comparing his publications and social actions with those of contemporary Christians in Japan and examining his stance in the Association Concordia provides insights on what the present-day religious education should be.     

From knowledge seeking to knowledge creation: The Japanese university's challenge

Underlying the steady expansion of Japanese education is a strong public faith that success in schooling leads to a secure adult career with permanent employment in an organization. The Japanese work contract emphasizing stability and security pervades all walks of life including universities and research laboratories. This strength of the Japanese system is also its major weakness. It induces a penchant towards conformity and uniformity that sometimes conflicts with the creativity and initiative required in the best scientific and technical work. Thus, a major concern in the present reform effort is to bring greater flexibility and instability to a system that is premised on limited choice and stability. Japan's university challenge is to identify the structural reforms required to reverse the traditional focus of the educational sector. The current concern to expand graduate education, break down the chair system, expand university-industry collaboration, and increase the number of foreign researchers in Japanese laboratories is all part of the thrust for a new more stimulating educational process. But even bolder reforms are required if Japan hopes to move the educational sector to a new knowledge creation paradigm.     

Teacher education and its reform in contemporary Japan

This article aims to describe the general framework of the teacher training system and its recent reform in Japan. As elsewhere, Japanese society is moving into an era of mass higher education provision. Since initial teacher training is provided by universities, the reform of teacher training is a part of the higher education restructuring that is also under way. At the same time, Japan is facing educational problems in compulsory education. The Educational Personnel Training Council of Japan is recommending reforms, which attempt to create a new type of teacher to cope with these educational problems. This opens the way for the Japanese state to develop more direct control over the curriculum and assessment of teaching staff in universities. The Ministry of Education is attempting to develop new control methods of 'Evaluative State' strategies. The reform of teacher education system exemplifies this shift.     

外国大学日本分校的研究与启示

外国大学在日本开设分校的历史可以追溯到上世纪80年代.在WTO背景下,这一类型的学校被归为"商业存在"形式的服务贸易.教育主权的敏感性使外国分校在日本的法律地位和学历效力一直得不到认可,引起了美国的极大不满.本文将围绕这一矛盾阐述外国大学在日本开设分校的运营状况、日本政府如何应对美方提出进一步开放高等教育市场的要求,以及日本经验对我国开展高等教育服务贸易活动的启示.     

The educational psychologist as instructional designer

Educational psychology, as an academic discipline, needs a model or paradigm for conceptualizing and solving educational problems. The systems approach to instructional design is proposed as a unifying process which was developed primarily by educational psychologists and has wide applicability in education. The use of the systems approach is advocated because (1) it provides a method for delivering effective service, (2) it incorporates many concepts presently familiar to educational psychologists and suggests other topics which should be of concern, (3) it suggests a wide array of research and evaluation problems, and (4) it provides an integrative framework for the design of graduate training programs. These four factors are discussed in detail.     

创新与引领:教育技术学硕士生培养改革的探索与实践——以江苏师范大学为例

如何培养运用信息技术促进教育变革的高级专门人才,是后信息化时期教育技术学研究生培养必须解决的大课题。实践表明,通过创新目标为培养教育信息化的建设者、研究者、创新者和教育改革的设计者,创设新的课程体系,采用跨国远程教育、跨校委托培养、能力目标导向培养、研创式教学、助奖激励、项目培养等措施推动培养模式改革,以"三师"、"优博"、"借师"为抓手提升师资队伍水平,可使教育技术学硕士生培养适应新形势,引领新发展。文章概括分析了江苏师范大学教育技术学硕士研究生培养改革的做法和经验。     

研究生教育国际化的比较研究与经验借鉴

美国的研究生教育国际化战略意识突出,教育政策法规及时跟进,广泛实行弹性学制;英国的研究生教育采取自由多样的授课模式和严格的考核制度,重视跨学科的综合研究。借鉴英美两国的研究生教育经验,我国高校应牢固树立国际化教育理念,加快推进研究生教育的培养模式改革,完善教育法律法规,切实推行并推广弹性学制;可尝试推进培养模式和授课模式的灵活多样化,整合跨学科、相关学科和新兴学科课程。另外,我国香港地区的研究生教育也有以下经验值得大陆借鉴：一是树立国际化的培养思想与教育理念;二是提升教师与学生的国际化水准;三是推行研究生教育体制改革与学科创新;四是设立与国际接轨的配套设施以及研究生质量评估体系。     

A Vote for Consensus: Democracy and difference in Japan

How evident is democracy within education in Japan, and is current practice different from elsewhere? This paper assesses the perception that Japanese political and educational practices are not fully 'democratic'. The first part examines the Japanese perspective on democracy, and then considers democracy and education in Japan. From a school-based study, the second part discusses examples of class practice concerning decision-making. The paper concludes that democracy is deeply rooted in Japanese history, but not in a form that is readily recognisable to Western observers. Consensus has been more significant than voting. The view that the US administration had a strong influence probably reflects policy rhetoric, not the reality in schools. But this rhetoric may have led to a belief that 'democracy' is not an appropriate term within contemporary Japanese education. However, what happens in Japanese classrooms equates with 'democratic' practice elsewhere.     

研究生培养模式研究之反思

我国研究生教育已进入新的发展时期,研究生教育的研究尤以研究生培养模式的研究为重要。以往的研究注重概念分析、总结模式类型、侧重借鉴国外、关注层次类型,但缺乏对研究生培养模式划分依据的重视和研究;在研究生培养模式的比较研究方面,忽视了与我国经济、社会发展以及高等教育发展背景相近国家的研究生教育状况; 尚未提出与我国研究生教育规模急剧扩大的发展现状相适应的有效模式。今后的研究中,要注重划分依据研究,分层次探讨硕士生培养模式与博士生培养模式。     

Changing state–university relations: the experiences of Japan and lessons for Malaysia

This article investigates the changing state–university relations in Japan and Malaysia. Its main objective is to identify and examine possible lessons for Malaysia, based on the Japanese experience. Notably, since the late 1970s, Malaysia has been looking towards Japan as a model for socio‐economic development (the ‘look‐east’ Policy) and this article was written with the same underlying thrust. Of particular interest in this article is the Japanese experience with the Incorporation of National Universities in 2004. Malaysia has corporatised all state‐controlled universities since 1998 but has stopped short of implementing the kind of institutional autonomy, which resulted in precarious state–university relations in Japan. Based on the situation in Japan with regard to incorporation of national universities, what steps should Malaysia take in order to develop a higher education system and higher education institutions that are comparable to that of matured higher education systems?     

Educational development for responsible graduate students in the neoliberal university

In this article, we examine how our work in educational development, specifically in graduate student training, enacts the logic of neoliberalism in higher education in Canada. We approach this examination through a collaborative autoethnographic consideration of and reflection on our practices and experiences as educational developers, the design and delivery of a graduate student survey and our own experiences of and identification with ‘self-actualizing graduate students’. Further, we illustrate how neoliberalism shapes the work of teaching and learning centres resulting in offering programming, which compels graduate students to act in ways that can be read as responsible and capable of navigating an increasingly bleak academic labour market. Throughout the article we call attention to the ways in which our role as educational developers may either reinforce or disrupt neoliberal discourses. While we urge a critical approach, we also reflect on constraints to such criticism.