PVA/CMC复合膜的制备及其渗透汽化特性研究

制备了ＰＶＡ（聚乙烯醇）／ＣＭＣ（羧甲基纤维素）渗透汽化复合膜。研究了ＰＶＡ／ＣＭＣ用量比、交联剂用量、乙醇浓度、渗透汽化时间等因素对膜的渗透汽化性能的影响。发现ＰＶＡ／ＣＭＣ复合膜对８５－９８．３ｗｔ％乙醇溶液表现为水优先透过。在２６．５°Ｃ和１ａｔｍ下,９０．８ｗｔ％乙醇溶液渗透汽化３小时、膜内乙醇浓度增至９８．３ｗｔ％。达到了较好的醇／水分离效果     

用于乙醇-水分离的SA-PVA/PSF中空纤维渗透汽化复合膜

Using polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as the substrate, sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend solutions as the coating solution, and maleic anhydride (MAC) as the cross-linked agent, SAPVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared for the dehydration of ethanol-water. The effects of different sodium alginate concentration in the coating solutions and different operating temperatures on pervaporation performance were investigated. The experimental results showed that pervaporation performance of the SA-PVA/PSF composite membranes for ethanol-water solution exhibited a high separation factor although they had a relatively low permeation flux. As SA concentration in SA-PVA coating solution was 66.7% and the operating temperature was 40 ℃, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane (PS4) had a separation factor of 886 and flux of 12.6 g/(m2·h). Besides, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes (PS3 and PS4) were used for the investigation of the effect of ethanol concentration in the feed solution on pervaporation performance.     

用于乙醇-水分离的SA-PVA/PSF中空纤维渗透汽化复合膜

Using polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes as the substrate, sodium alginate (SA) and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) blend solutions as the coating solution, and maleic anhydride (MAC) as the cross-linked agent, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared for the dehydration of ethanol-water. The effects of differentsodium alginate concentration in the coating solutions and different operating temperatures on pervaporation performance wereinvestigated. The experimental results showed that pervaporation performance of the SA-PVA/PSF composite membranesfor ethanol-water solution exhibited a high separation factor although they had a relatively low permeation flux. As SAconcentration in SA-PVA coating solution was 66.7% and the operating temperature was 40 C, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fibercomposite membrane (PS4) had a separation factor of 886 and flux of 12.6 g/(m2.h). Besides, SA-PVA/PSF hollow fibercomposite membranes (PS3 and PS4) were used for the investigation of the effect of ethanol concentration in the feed solutionon pervaporation performance.     

Assessment of semi-empirical mass transfer correlations for pervaporation treatment of wastewater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons

INTRODUCTION Chlorinated hydrocarbons, a class of widely used dry-cleaning liquids, industrial organic solvents, and degreasers, increasingly find their way into drinking water sources, thus posing a very serious health and environmental problem (Love and Eliers, 1982). These organic solvents are known for their stability in the environment and cancer-causing po- tency and cannot be effectively and economically eliminated by current conventional treatment tech- nologies. One of the few av…     

Characterization of natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts formation potential in pilot-scale coagulation-ultrafiltration membrane combined process in winter

A pilot-scale ultrafiltration membrane plant was set up for treating Luanhe River water with flocculating and precipitation process of waterworks.The aim is to investigate the variation and characteristics of natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts formation potential in the whole process in winter.The results show that dissolved organic matter(DOM),UV254,trihalomethanes formation potential(THMsFP) and haloacetic acids formation potential(HAAsFP) of Luanhe River water were mainly distributed in t...     

水平与垂直PES中空纤维超滤膜组件分离性能的研究

1Introduction Generally,ultrafiltration(UF)asaseparationtech nologyofhighefficiencyandlowenergyconsumption haswidelybeenappliedinvariousindustries.Inin dustrialapplications,therearesixbasicUF modules[1]:(1)tubular,withinnerchannel diameters>4mm;(2)hollowfibers,withinnerdia metersof0.2-3mm;(3)plateunits;(4)spiral woundmodules;(5)pleated sheetcartridges;and(6)rotarymodules.However,hollowfiberUFmoduleis oneofmostimportantmodulesbecauseofitshigh areapackingdensity.Besides,UFtechnologyalsois us…     

诠释空调器的能效系数

本通过严格的计算以及结合实际空调器性能参数的分析发现：1、空调器的能效系数可以大于1，一般在2－3之间取值。2、能效系数大于1并不违反能量守恒定律。     

质子交换膜燃料电池水管理的建模和分析

质子交换膜燃料电池的水管理是影响其性能的重要因素之一。电池水管理的目的就是要实现尽可能高的膜的水合程度,降低膜的阻抗。为了更好实现以上目标,文中建立了电池水传输模型,基于模型利用工程逼近分析方法,分析了阴阳极湿度、反应气体流量对膜的水含量和阴阳极水分压的影响。仿真结果通过与其他模型相比较,取得了一致的结果,因此也证明了该模型的有效和实用性。基于以上的分析结果为建立简化的膜水含量控制模型和实现水管理的控制目标奠定基础。     

Removal of aqueous phenol compound by vacuum membrane distillation

1.IntroductionPhenolisanimportantchemicalindustrymaterial,butitalsoaboundswithserioushazardtoenvironmentandthreatstohumanhealth.Rigidruleshavebeenmadeoutonthephenoldischargeconcentration.Researchesonthetreatmentofphenolwastewaterwerecarriedoutinvariouscountries[1-5].Membraneseparationmethodsincludingreverseosmosis,ultrafiltrationandpervaporationhaveattractedmuchattentionforphenolwastewatertreatment,withcelluloseacetate(CA)membraneemployedmostly[6].Membranedistillationisanewmembraneseparation…     

Environmental effects induced by excavation

Based on 3D Biot＇s consolidation theory and nonlinear Duncan-Chang＇s model, a 3D FEM （finite element method） program is developed considering the coupling of groundwater seepage and soil skeleton deformation during excavation. The comparison between the analysis result considering the variation of water head difference and that without considering it shows that the porewater pressure distribution of the former is distinctly different from that of the latter and that the foundation pit deformations of the former are larger than those of the latter, so that the result without considering the variation of water head difference is unreliable. The distribution rules of soil horizontal and vertical displacements around the pit and excess porewater pressure are analyzed in detail in time and space, which is very significant for guiding underground engineering construction and ensuring environment safety around the pit.     

基于当地材料制备高延性水泥基复合材料的研究(英文)

为了降低高性能聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维增强水泥基复合材料ECC(engineered cemen-titious composites)的成本,用国产PVA纤维和其他本地原材料如粉煤灰、水泥和细砂等研制了高延性ECC材料.采用四点弯曲试验和光学显微镜研究了ECC的弯曲变形能力、裂缝宽度及裂缝自愈合现象,并对其进行了经济性分析.实验结果表明:利用国产原料制备的ECC均表现出大变形能力,平均裂缝宽度能控制在60μm左右;开裂的试件经过干湿循环养护之后,裂缝中出现了自愈合现象;经济性分析表明利用国产PVA纤维可以极大地降低ECC成本.利用国产PVA纤维等材料制备高性价比的ECC是可行的.     

高强高模PVA纤维原液可纺性研究

影响高强高模聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维原液可纺性的关键因素有PVA的醋酸根含量及聚合度;纺丝原液中的PVA浓度及溶解程度、添加剂及硼酸加入量,纺丝过程中喷丝头的电位及电化学腐蚀;凝固浴中钙镁离子含量等。本文在多年生产过程中研究了上述控制参数对原液可纺性的影响,并提出了防范措施。比如在PVA中残存醋酸根含量≤0．05％、聚合度1850＋50、PVA浓度15．8％时可纺性较好,同时也对PVA的浸泡时间、浸泡温度、纺丝过程中喷丝头的处理等提出了指导建议。没有发现聚乙烯醇的其它指标与高强高模PVA纤维原液的可纺性有直接的关系。     

铝或磷原子掺杂下锯齿型硅烯纳米带的自旋热电效应

基于密度泛函理论和非平衡格林函数方法,研究了铝或磷原子掺杂对锯齿型硅烯纳米带输运特性和自旋热电效应的影响.发现通过改变铝或磷原子掺杂位置,其费米面处的自旋极化率可以达到100%或-100%,同时其自旋向上(对于-100%)和自旋向下(对于100%)对于塞贝克效应也得到明显加强.甚至在特殊的掺杂位置和电子能量时,其自旋塞贝克系数可以远大于相应的电荷塞贝克系数.表明用铝或磷掺杂后的锯齿型硅烯纳米带可以用作制备理想的热自旋器件.     

Achieving parent-child coordination through convention: fixed- and variable-sequence conventions

Convention provides a major means by which the child can achieve coordinated action with others. One aspect of the structural design of conventions is considered: the composition of a convention's interaction rules. Fixed-sequence conventions, defined as having only obligatory rules, are differentiated from variable-sequence conventions, having at least 1 optional rule. Some interactional effects of the 2 types of conventions are illustrated by a set of fixed- and variable-sequence conventions hypothesized for interaction within 2 families. Fixed- and variable-sequence conventions are placed within the larger context of the state sensitivity of conventions: the degree to which each convention provides both for participants' expressing convention-relevant states and changes in these states, and for their accommodating the interaction to these states and changes--all relevant to achieving coordinated action. The interactional effects of other major sources of state sensitivity are considered and contrasted with those of fixed- and variable-sequence conventions.     

氯化锂对聚偏氟乙烯多孔膜的亲水改性

利用相分离法制备了亲水性聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）-氯化锂共混膜,通过接触角测量和水蒸气吸附实验评价了膜的亲水性,并通过水蒸气渗透实验测试了总传质系数和水蒸气渗透速率.实验结果表明：随着铸膜液中氯化锂含量的增加,PVDF膜的接触角明显降低,同时,PVDF膜对水蒸气的吸附能力随之增加.当氯化锂质量分数低于2.5%时,水蒸气在膜中的总传质系数略有增加,当氯化锂质量分数高于2.5%时,总传质系数明显增加,而水蒸气在膜中渗透速率随氯化锂含量的增加而增加.因此,氯化锂的加入可以显著提高PVDF膜的亲水性,进而增强水蒸气的渗透性能.     

荷正电壳聚糖纳滤膜的研究进展

壳聚糖是一种荷正电的天然高分子材料,并且有良好的成膜性,已经广泛用于制备渗透汽化分离膜。壳聚糖易于进行化学改性得到壳聚糖季铵盐,壳聚糖季铵盐的荷正电特征和优异的抗菌性能使其成为制备荷正电纳滤膜的重要材料,目前荷正电壳聚糖纳滤膜得到了广泛的研究。本文对近年来复合法、改性壳聚糖法、共混法制备壳聚糖纳滤膜及荷正电壳聚糖纳滤膜的应用进行了综述,并对壳聚糖分离膜的主要发展方向进行了展望。     

Common Themes and Cultural Variations in Japanese and American Mothers' Speech to Infants

This study explored both universal features and cultural variation in maternal speech. Japanese and American mothers' speech to infants at 6, 12, and 19 months was compared in a cross-sectional study of 60 dyads observed playing with toys at home. Mothers' speech in both cultures shared common characteristics, such as linguistic simplification and frequent repetition, and mothers made similar adjustments in their speech to infants of different ages. American mothers labeled objects more frequently and consistently than did Japanese mothers, while Japanese mothers used objects to engage infants in social routines more often than did American mothers. American infants had larger noun vocabularies than did Japanese infants, according to maternal report. The greater emphasis on object nouns in American mothers' speech is only partially attributable to structural differences between Japanese and English. Cultural differences in interactional style and beliefs about child rearing strongly influence the structure and content of speech to infants.     

The Correlation Between Causal Change and Initial Status: a methodological study

Based on the division of attained change for each treated individual into causal and non‐causal change, the product‐moment correlation between causal change and initial level is studied and compared with the correlation between attained change and initial level. The former correlation coefficient may be greater than, equal to, or smaller than the latter one, and the discrepancy between the two coefficients may be considerable. Some problems involved with the assessment of the former coefficient are discussed, and it is shown how the two coefficients are differently influenced by measurement errors. The alternative of expressing the relation between causal change and initial status explicitly in interactional terms is pointed out. The division of attained change into causal and non‐causal change is compared with the division of attained change into predicted total change from initial level and the corresponding residual change.     

筋带-砂-粘土层状体系直剪试验研究

为了研究粘土与加筋材料接触面之间的力学特性,及砂对粘土与筋带接触面力学特性的改善情况,采用直剪试验方法对粘土与聚丙烯土工带polypropylene在粘土不同含水量条件下进行了不同法向荷载作用的直剪试验,讨论了法向应力、含水量对高液限粘土与筋带之间剪切特性的影响;设计了筋带砂粘土层状布置体系的加筋土结构模型,并根据设计的模型进行直剪试验.试验结果表明:粘土与筋带接触面之间的剪切强度随着法向应力的增加呈非线性增长;接触面的摩擦系数随着含水量的增加而减小,接触面的粘聚力随含水量的增加先增大后减小,粘土与接触面之间存在一个最佳的含水量,这个值要比粘土压实的最佳含水量低2%左右;筋带砂粘土层状布置体系表明砂对粘土与筋带的剪切特性起到明显的改善作用.     

高校体育专业与非体育专业学生人体成分的比较研究

通过对高校体育专业学生与非体育专业学生人体成分的比较研究，探索体育运动对人体成分的影响．研究结果表明，体育专业男女学生人体的蛋白质含量、水分含量、无机盐含量均高于非体育专业男女学生，存在显著性差异；非体育专业男女学生人体的脂肪含量比体育专业男女学生高，存在显著性差异；体育专业男女学生腰臀比均比非体育专业男女生低，存在显著性差异．这一结果与以往相关研究结论一致，体育运动能够增加肌肉和骨骼的重量，使多余的脂肪以热能的形式消耗，能有效降低体内的脂肪含量及体脂百分比，进而使人体成分的构成处于合理的状态．