认知模式识别理论与研究

模式识别是人的一项基本智能,兼有认识和区别的双重功能。机器模式识别已有成果主要是在区别方面且存在所谓"小样本"问题。而人在认识和区别方面没有表现出上述问题。本文在对模式识别进行述评和对认知心理学进行简要介绍的基础上,提出一种新的模式识别方法—认知模式识别,并对模式识别学科性质、机器模式识别存在问题和与人在模式识别方面存在的主要差异进行了讨论,并预测了认知模式识别的发展趋势。     

Development of Poor and Better Readers During the Elementary School

The goal of this longitudinal study was to describe the average development of word recognition, reading comprehension, vocabulary and spelling of poor and better readers during the elementary school period and to determine whether the differences between these readers increase over a period of 6 years of elementary education. Poor and better readers were defined to belong to the lowest 30% and to the higher 70% of a longitudinal sample, respectively. It appeared that for word recognition the developmental curves for the groups were very distinct and followed similar patterns. For reading comprehension, vocabulary and spelling, the developmental curves showed similar patterns with decreasing differences across grades, however. Clear seasonal effects were found for reading comprehension, vocabulary and spelling, while the seasonal effect for word recognition was restricted to the early grades. It appeared that students with initially poor abilities in word recognition and reading comprehension showed greater improvement over time on reading comprehension, vocabulary and spelling than students with initially better abilities in word recognition and reading comprehension. These findings contradict the existence of a Matthew effect for these skills. For word recognition, a clear differential effect could not be found: the groups did not differ systematically in mean development. The gap between the poor and better decoders did not widen over time for this skill; so a Matthew effect for word recognition was not supported.     

无尾两栖类亲缘识别研究现状

无尾两栖类已经成为研究亲缘识别机制的模式脊椎动物。无尾两栖类幼体亲缘识别不仅依赖于所处的生态和社会环境以及遗传背景,同时也会随着发育历期改变而变化。无尾两栖类幼体与亲缘个体一起生活,可以加速幼体生长发育,也可能抑制生长发育,这取决于亲缘个体问互助行为所产生利益和竞争代价之间的权衡,同时还受实验条件、亲缘识别能力和生活史策略的影响。无尾两栖类幼体亲缘识别能力还可以延续到成体。同时,无尾两栖类幼体在实验室条件下亲缘识别失败,并不一定代表其缺乏亲缘识别能力,而在实验室条件下识别成功也可能只是其他识别过程出现的附带结果。所以,我们还需要开展大量的野外实验研究,才能全面理解亲缘识别机制和进化意义。     

违法性认识新论

违法性认识，是指行为人对自己的行为是否违反刑法规范的认识。违法性认识在犯罪故意中应占据何种地位，中外刑法学对此都有不同的看法。既然违法性认识和社会危害性认识都反映了行为人的反规范意识，体现了犯罪故意的本质特征，行为人只要具有其一，就应认为具有犯罪故意。     

基于模糊线素特征与神经网络相结合的手写体汉字识别

本文提出了一种基于模糊方向线索特征 (fuzzydirectionallineelementfeature,FDLEF)与人工神经网络 (artificialneuralnetworks,ANN)相结合的手写体汉字识别方法 (FDLEF -ANN) ,解决了单一FDLEF方法对相似字识别率低的问题 .这种方法分两级识别 ,先由FDLEF识别模块进行识别 ,将识别结果送至选择器 ,若识别结果不属于预定义的相似字集合簇 ,则该结果即为最终识别结果 ,否则 ,将其送至人工神经网络识别模块进行相似字的识别 .本方法既保留了原FDLEF方法的优点又提高了对相似字的识别率 ,FDLEF -ANN系统对相似字的识别率由 78 0 9%提高到 82 97% .     

从学习的认知含义看马克思主义大众认同

马克思主义大众化难题并非因为马克思主义不通俗,其根本在于大众主体对马克思主义是否认同。学习马克思主义著作对于主体认知和认同马克思主义有重要作用与意义。为了建设学习型社会,要以学习马克思主义著作为主体认知的主要途径,推进马克思主义大众认同;要掌握学习马克思主义著作的科学方法,提升对马克思主义的认知程度与水平,增强马克思主义大众认同的实效性;要适合时代认知特点,利用多种形式学习马克思主义著作,促进马克思主义大众主体认同。     

Should the Simple View of Reading Include a Fluency Component?

The Simple View of Reading states that reading comprehension is the product of word recognition and listening comprehension. Whereas much research has focused on word recognition accuracy, recent attention has been directed toward word recognition fluency. The current study investigated whether a separate fluency component should be added to the Simple View of Reading. A battery of reading and language measures was administered to 604 children in second, fourth, and eighth grades. Approximately half these children had language and/or nonverbal cognitive impairments in kindergarten, but weighting procedures were used to reduce the potential bias this sampling characteristic may have entailed. Structural equation modeling was used to determine whether fluency accounted for unique variance in reading comprehension after controlling for word recognition accuracy and listening comprehension. Individual profile analyses were conducted to determine the number of individual participants who␣had poor fluency in the spite of good word recognition accuracy and listening comprehension. Results showed that fluency did not account for unique variance in reading␣comprehension and that few individuals had problems in fluency separate from word recognition accuracy or listening comprehension. Thus, it does not appear that a separate fluency component should be added to the Simple View of Reading.     

基于2DPCA和改进的LDA算法的人脸识别技术

为提高人脸识别的准确率,缩短图像特征提取的时间,提出了一种将二维主成分分析（简称2DPCA）与改进的线性鉴别分析（简称LDA）相结合的人脸识别方法。该法首先以图像矩阵为分析对象,直接利用原始图像矩阵构造图像的协方差矩阵。以进行特征提取和2DPCA分析;再采用改进的线性鉴别分析。得到最佳的分类特征,从理论上有效解决了传统的线性鉴别分析在人脸识别中存在的“边缘类”问题：最后．在ORL人脸库上检验了该识别方法的性能。实验结果表明,该方法抽取的鉴别特征有较强的鉴别能力。     

Toleration and Recognition: What should we teach?

Generally we think it good to tolerate and to accord recognition. Yet both are complex phenomena and our teaching must acknowledge and cope with that complexity. We tolerate only what we object to, so our message to students cannot be simply, 'promote the good and prevent the bad'. Much advocacy of toleration is not what it pretends to be. Nor is it entirely clear what sort of conduct should count as intolerant. Sometimes people are at fault for tolerating what they should not, or for tolerating what they should find unexceptionable. So virtue does not always lie with toleration. Tolerance can also seem condescending; should we therefore replace it with recognition? But recognition may not be able to coexist with the disapproval that makes toleration necessary. However, not everything about toleration and recognition is controversial; there are fixed points from which students can grapple with the issues presented by both.     

The effect of intrauterine PCB exposure on visual recognition memory

Adverse neonatal outcomes have been associated with intrauterine exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In a follow-up study of exposed and nonexposed infants, 123 infants tested at birth were administered Fagan's test of visual recognition memory at 7 months. 2 measures of prenatal PCB exposure, cord serum PCB level and maternal report of contaminated fish consumption, both predicted less preference for a novel stimulus. Preference for novelty decreased in a dose-dependent fashion with increasing levels of prenatal PCB exposure. Postnatal exposure from nursing was not related to visual recognition memory. The relation between prenatal exposure and visual recognition was not mediated by the neonatal deficits, suggesting that intrauterine PCB exposure may have a delayed effect on central nervous system (CNS) functioning.     

基于深度学习的图像文字识别技术研究与应用

针对传统图像文字识别技术采用模板匹配法和几何特征抽取法存在识别速度慢、准确率低的缺点,提出一种基于深度学习的图像文字识别技术,使用开源、灵活的Tensor Flow框架以及LeNet-5网络训练数据模型,并将训练好的模型应用于特定场景印刷体文字识别。实验结果表明,识别模型的top 1与top 5准确率分别达到了99.8%和99.9%。该技术不仅可快速有效地处理大量图片文件,而且能综合提高图像文字识别性能,节省大量时间。     

Rapid naming in relation to reading and writing in Korean (Hangul), Chinese (Hanja) and English among Korean children: a 1‐year longitudinal study

The relation of rapid automatised naming (RAN) to word recognition may depend on the phonological regularity of the orthography. This study examined differential contributions of RAN to reading and writing in Korean alphabetic Hangul, logographic Hanja (Chinese) and English as a second language among 73 fifth graders in Korea across 1 year. RAN was differentially associated between reading and writing in Hangul and English. After statistically controlling for age, gender, morphological awareness, vocabulary and phonological awareness, RAN was uniquely predictive of Hangul word writing but not Hangul word recognition, and it uniquely accounted for English word recognition but not English word writing. Meanwhile, RAN explained both reading and writing in Hanja. Findings were discussed in terms of their orthography characteristics and different levels of proficiency.     

CRITERIA AND PROCEDURES FOR THE RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN QUALIFICATIONS

The criteria and procedures for the recognition of foreign qualifications are not sufficiently known to most evaiuators of foreign qualifications. This lack of knowledge results in inappropriate and incorrect evaluations and recognition decisions. The purpose of this article is to explain who evaluates and reaches decisions as to foreign qualifications, what the role of national recognition centres is, how such centres co‐operate internationally, and how international co‐operation has led to the advancement of agreed upon methods, criteria, and procedures for the recognition of foreign qualifications. The biggest step forward in this respect is the Draft Recommendation on General Procedures and Criteria for the Evaluation of Foreign Qualifications that was recently developed by an expert group and which, in its final form, will be a subsidiary text of the Council of Europe/UNESCO Convention.     

Understanding individual differences in word recognition skills of ESL children

This paper focuses on the extent to which the development of ESL (English as a Second Language) word recognition skills mimics similar trajectories in same-aged EL1 (English as a First Language) children, and the extent to which phonological processing skills and rapid naming can be used to predict word recognition performance in ESL children. Two cohorts of Grade 1 ESL and EL1 primary-level children were followed for two consecutive years. Results indicated that vocabulary knowledge, a measure of language proficiency, and nonverbal intelligence were not significant predictors of word recognition in either group. Yet, by considering individual differences in phonological awareness and rapid naming, it was possible to predict substantial amounts of variance on word recognition performance six months and one year later in both language groups. Commonality analyses indicated that phonological awareness and rapid naming contributed unique variance to word recognition performance. Moreover, the profiles of not at-risk children in the EL1 and ESL groups were similar on all but the oral language measure, where EL1 children had the advantage. In addition, EL1 and ESL profiles of children who had word-recognition difficulty were similar, with low performance on rapid naming and phonological awareness. Results indicate that these measures are reliable indicators of potential reading disability among ESL children.     

Emerging development of semantic and phonological routes to character decoding in Chinese as a foreign language learners

This study examines the effects of semantic and phonetic radicals on Chinese character decoding by high-intermediate level Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) learners. The results of the study suggest that the CFL learners tested have a well-developed semantic pathway to recognition; however, their phonological pathway is not yet a reliable means of character identification. Semantic radicals that correctly pertain to character meaning facilitated reaction time in semantic categorization tasks, while radicals that had no immediately interpretable relation to character meaning had a strong inhibitory effect. The relative accuracy of phonetic radicals (for predicting the whole-character’s pronunciation) did not measurably improve homonym recognition. In a lexical decision task (Experiment 3), the subjects were significantly slower in identifying pseudo-characters when the phonological component was blurred, indicating that, despite having unreliable phonological pathways to character recognition, the subjects were still using phonological radical analysis as their default recognition strategy; however, the author argues that the radical is likely being used for orthographic disambiguation more than for phonological properties.     

“期刊承认”与“共同体承认”:我国学术知识生产动力机制的“悖论”

本文在整合布迪厄与默顿关于知识生产动力机制相关理论的基础上,运用深度访谈和文献研究的方法,考察了量化考评制度对两所地方性大学44名学术人知识生产实践和观念的影响.文章认为,由于我国的"期刊承认"并未得到大部分学术人的真正认同,已非"共同体承认"的有机组成部分,"期刊承认"与"共同体承认"之间的冲突导致了我国学术知识生产动机机制的失灵.     

听力教学中辨音能力的培养

心理语言学中关于语音听辨的原理和听音经历的三阶段为探究影响辨音效果的因素提供了依据。在听力理解过程中,除语音知识外,词汇、语法、语境知识以及心理状态都会大大地影响听音、辨音的效果。因此,在听力教学中不仅要注重语音学习,还要注重词汇、语法和文化的学习,克服听力焦虑,从而提高学生的辨音能力。     

基于边缘检测和骨架线跟踪的线状目标识别

线状目标的识别在很多方面具有重要应用,而目前常用的识别方法在准确性、抗干扰能力等方面有所欠缺。本文提出了一种综合利用边缘和骨架线这两个特征对线状目标进行识别的方法。方向小渡变换不仅体现了多尺度特征,而且能很好地结合图像的方向及纹理特征,反映图像的边缘信息;基于优先搜索方向的骨架线跟踪方法可以减少搜索范围,降低问题复杂度。综合利用基于方向小波变换的边缘提取方法和基于优先搜索方向的骨架线跟踪方法,有效识别出线状目标,并通过纤维的识别证明了该方法的可靠性与精确性。     

Infantile Amnesia: Through a Glass Darkly

Memory for former preschool classmates was examined in 9-and 10-year-old children using measures of both explicit and implicit memory. Yes-no recognition of faces was at low levels but was significantly above chance. Skin conductance data showed similarly low but above-chance differentiation between classmates and controls. A median split of children based on their recognition memory scores showed that children with little evidence of explicit memory for classmates were as likely to show differential skin conductance responding to faces of former classmates as were children with higher recognition scores. Infantile amnesia, like the clinical syndrome for which it is named, may not always involve complete loss of encoded information.