Inclusive academic language teaching in New Zealand: history and responses

Meeting the educational needs of a linguistically diverse population is a challenge for many countries. This is a particular challenge for New Zealand (NZ) which, until the 1980s, had a White Immigration Policy. The last 30 years have seen NZ become a full member of the Asia Pacific Region and move from being a mostly homogenous society to one of the most heterogeneous. This article explores the historical context of education and migration and current initiatives for inclusive academic language teaching (IALT) in NZ. IALT is a teacher-development approach recently developed for multilingual Europe by the European Core Curriculum for Mainstreamed Second Language Teacher Education. The approach rests on principles of acknowledgement of first language and culture, inclusivity and teachers having specialized knowledge of the academic language requirements of their subjects. This analysis seeks to show that knowledge, policy and practices that were once at the margins of the education system must now be central and will benefit all students, particularly those from diverse backgrounds.     

谈物理新课标具有的社会教育和思想文化功能

本文通过真实的问题情境解读了高中物理新课标所反映的理念,体现了一线物理教师认识的升华和对物理新课标的理解。即如何在教学实践中提高学生科学素养和加强情感态度与价值观培养,为学生们终身学习和应用奠定基础。     

全纳教育、全纳学校、全纳社会

全纳教育是一个全新的教育理念 ,也是国际教育研究的一个新领域。全纳教育的理念需要全纳学校来实践 ,因而全纳学校是不同于以往的普通学校和特殊学校、也不同于后来的一体化学校 ,它是一种新型的教育模式 ,在教育、社会、经济方面均具有极大意义。全纳教育理念和全纳学校实践的目的是要促进形成一种追求社会公正、机会平等和民主参与的全纳社会。为此 ,在现存社会中对阻碍这种追求的任何障碍都应该加以确认、质疑和消除。全纳教育的理念指导我们实施全纳学校 ,全纳学校的实践促使我们走向全纳社会。     

Special Education in New Zealand: Disability,Politics and Empowerment

RECENT CHANGES in educational administration in New Zealand have been premised on an economic model of schools as providers and parents as consumers. At the same time, laws relating to education have been changed toward establishing the right of all children, irrespective of ability or disability, to education in state schools. Both moves have the potential to empower parents seeking integration into mainstream classrooms for their children who have disabilities. Recognition of the rights of Maori as the indigenous people of New Zealand is a further context within which educational and disability issues can be interpreted in terms of the social, cultural and political beliefs that underlie our concepts and actions.     

“新”式教育——对话新西兰教育参赞

21世纪初，《指环王》三部曲席卷全球票房的同时，也把新西兰这个南太平洋岛国如画的风光介绍给全世界。从此，到新西兰旅游的热潮在中国大陆始终未曾断绝。但多数人并不了解的是，这个小小的岛国还拥有世界上最好的教育体制之一，教育出口是其第四大支柱产业。     

Secondary Education and Research in New Zealand

Through the 1990s the secondary sector was a site of considerable change as the Government sought to ensure that the curriculum and associated assessment practices were designed to meet student needs and the long-term goals of New Zealand society. The new regime aimed to promote student achievement and in particular to attain more equitable educational outcomes for all New Zealand students. These were policy rather than practice driven initiatives that linked somewhat tenuously to research based evidence. This paper begins by giving an overview of the secondary sector in New Zealand and these educational reforms. The overview sets the context for the following section that describes links between educational research, policy and practice during this time. Key issues within the sector are highlighted and some of the ways research has been used to monitor changes and inform policy are identified. It is argued that much of the research over the past decade has been small scale and short term and while this has served the immediate policy agenda it has provided only fragmentary evidence to inform longer term goals such as improving student performance. The paper concludes by discussing some of the current initiatives that might contribute to improving the interface between research and policy/practice in secondary education. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

全纳教育:实施模式、策略和实践特征

全纳教育是国际特殊教育发展的主要思潮 ,也是 2 1世纪世界教育发展的趋势。本文对全纳教育的实施模式、策略、实践特征分别进行简述 ,以期对我国教育改革有一定的参考作用。     

学前融合教育的内涵、困境和策略

在追求民主、重视人权的世界潮流之下,教育机会均等的观念也逐渐成为世界各先进国家重视的话题。除了尊重个人的受教育权外,也强调无差别的对待,保障个体的受教权益。中国的特殊教育亦在此思潮的影响与带动下,逐渐受到政府与教育主管部门的高度重视,近年来政府逐渐将特殊教育的实施向下延伸到学前教育领域。文章根据相关的理论文献与实证研究,阐述学前融合教育的基本内涵,分析中国学前融合教育所遇到的困境,提出相关的应对策略,以期成为未来实施学前融合教育的参考。     

融合教育课程:内涵、缘由及策略

随迁农民工子女的社会融合教育是一个热点话题。要使学校的融合教育更富有成效,应重视课程问题。学校应调查并根据随迁农民工子女的教育需求、社会生活需要来确定融合教育课程目标、构建融合教育内容,根据随迁农民工子女的特点在课程实施时贯彻渗透性、活动性、合作性原则,并根据随迁农民工子女社会融合的指标体系来评价融合教育的效果。     

Contesting forces: The political and economic context of curriculum development in New Zealand

In the 1980s and 1990s many countries felt the impact of new right economic ideology on their social policies: New Zealand was no exception. Education was seen as the key to improving economic competitiveness and to this end it was deemed necessary to upgrade the system. The reforms arising from the adoption of this position were to take two paths: administrative and curricular. This paper focuses on the curricular reforms and the development of two key national curriculum statements within their political and economic context. The curriculum for compulsory schooling became centrally controlled, subject-based, and achievement oriented. In contrast the early childhood document outlined a child-centred, thematic and experiential curriculum. This paper explores how such divergence arose out of the same socio-political context. The content of the documents is analysed using a theoretical model after Bernstein (1971).     

Development Education Revisited: The New Zealand Experience

Until the mid-1980s, New Zealanders were progressing in their understanding of the causes of and strategies for overcoming world poverty and injustice. However, the arrival of more multinational aid agencies and the increased competition for the donor dollar have given rise to a new conservatism in the development debate. This has coincided with the imposition of structural adjustment policies in New Zealand which provides an opportunity to demonstrate connections between poverty and powerlessness, and parallels between the growth of poverty and inequality at home and in "underdeveloped" countries. The government, the media and the wealthy agencies conceal these parallels and promote aid responses based on charity. This excludes from the development debate the increasingly marginalised sectors of New Zealand society and undermines the international solidarity essential for building strategies for change.     

新西兰教育及管理体制

新西兰现代教育出现的时间不长,但发展较快.目前已形成了面向国际的多元文化教育体系.本文从学前教育、小学教育、中学教育、高等教育以及管理体制上对新西兰教育作了全面介绍.     

全纳教育的具体落实:全纳学校

自1994年“全纳教育”理念提出以来,本着实现全民教育、形成全纳社会的目的,不少国家都进行了全纳教育的研究和实践。学校参与全纳教育计划是发展全纳教育、具体落实全纳教育的重要途径,如何选择实验学校、引导和帮助学校实现全纳的转变,是全纳教育研究的重要课题。     

Equity,Elitism, Marketisation: Inclusive Education in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the concept of equity and subsequently inclusive education began to gain ground in the 1970s. Inclusive education has been made the goal of special education since 1977 and was finally implemented in 1997. Meanwhile, Hong Kong has been struggling to maintain its competitiveness in a global and knowledge-based economy. Elitism and marketisation of education battle against the force of equity and will continue to form strong forces in determining educational policies and directions. Therefore, this article examines Hong Kong's inclusive education agenda, the roles of government bodies and higher education institutions, and the progress achieved. In addition, salient issues that have emerged and affected inclusive education in Hong Kong as a result of the struggle among equity, elitism and marketisation forces are discussed.     

全纳教育——当代教育发展的方向、内涵和启示

全纳教育是当代教育重大发展趋势之一。从时代特征和文本释义的角度对产生这种趋势的必然性、全纳教育的内涵及特点进行分析是一种新的探索,其目的是通过这种探索获得有益于我国教育特别是特殊教育发展的启示。     

Inclusive Education in India: International concept,national interpretation

This article examines education of children belonging to marginalised groups, with particular reference to children with disabilities, within the Indian context. Based on an analysis of post‐independence Government documents, various educational provisions made available for children with disabilities are discussed. It explores the Indian Government’s focus on the development of special schools, its efforts towards integration, and the more recent emphasis on inclusive education. Furthermore, it attempts to elucidate “inclusive education” as understood in various official documents. The article concludes by arguing for a need to develop a contextual understanding of inclusive education that is reflective of current educational concerns in India.     

Inclusive Education in China: Conceptualisation and Realisation

This paper examines the historical background of the development of special education and how “Learning in Regular Classrooms” (LRC) has become the major service delivery model to universalise compulsory education for children with disabilities in China. The authors assert that the current model of inclusive education in China was conceptualised through the influence of the Western ideology of inclusion and the practical consideration of Chinese socio-economical conditions. To realise this model, a number of strategies were introduced and widely practised in an attempt to effectively implement the LRC programs. Adverse social climate, the exam-oriented education system, and limited resources in all aspects, however, remained as critical elements to be overcome for the future development of inclusive education in China. The LRC model is expected to continue to be the main form of inclusive education in China.     

新自由主义与新西兰的教育改革

80年代以来，新西兰开展了一系列的教育重建改革。这场改革被指标为以新右思潮为指导思想、以纯市场为范式的改革使新西兰的教育观念、教育体制发生了根本性的转变。经过近20年的发展，新西兰的教育改革面临许多困难，并受到国内学术界的强烈批评。了解和认识新西兰的教育改革对理解和认识我国教育改革有着重要的启示借鉴意义。     

新时期我国普惠性学前教育研究的焦点与走向

普惠性学前教育作为我国学前教育发展新时期中的热点问题,随着三期学前三年行动计划的开展实施相关研究不断拓展深化。为洞悉我国普惠性学前教育研究的现状和趋势,采用质性和量化相结合的文献分析方法,借助CiteSpace软件呈现的关键词共现图谱,对新时期我国普惠性学前教育研究的发展脉络、演进趋势进行了扫描和透析。提出研究的未来走向:注重理论建构,夯实学理基础;提升研究效度,理论实践相依;创新范式方法,打造多元生态。